Effects of Civil War on Women

There are several changes that the Civil War brought to civilian society and some of these are the following: First of all, the United States of America have been brought back together, which also means that the States from the Southern portions were not given the permission to break away or become independent (Effects.. , 2006). Second, the Southern areas were â€Å"placed under military rule and divided into military districts† (Effects.., 2006). This also caused these areas to â€Å"apply for readmission to the Union† (Effects.. , 2006). Third, the national or Federal government has proven itself to the civilians that its power may not at all be surpassed by the States (Effects.. , 2006). Fourth, the Civil War resulted in the liberation of slaves (Effects.. , 2006). Fifth, the Civil War established plans for the country’s â€Å"Reconstruction† (Effects.. , 2006).The â€Å"Reconstruction† was the government’s plan to deal with the following direct effects of the civil war: 1) the freedom of slaves resulted in problems with regard to housing, clothing, food, and employment; 2) the economic ruin led to having no money, closed banks, low supply of commodities, destruction of railroads and bridges, and devastation of plantation and crops; and 3) the defeat of the confederacy led to the South’s not having any government (Effects.. , 2006). Last but not least, industrialism was established because during the war, production increased, as well as, several new technologies were added (Effects.., 2006).The aforementioned became possible because of the following: 1) the freedom of slaves; 2) the economic ruin in the South; and c) the defeat of the confederacy (Effects.. , 2006). Effects of Civil War on Women During the Civil War, women were given the opportunity to assume roles that people believed only men can carry out, for instance, â€Å"as nurses, government clerks, factory workers, family farmers, factory workers, some even disguised as a man to serve in the military service, etc. † (Encarta, 2007). This was the beginning of the triumph of gender equality since this upheld the gender roles (Encarta, 2007).

The Appeal and Popularity of the Bournemouth Beach

Bournemouth ranks as one of the most popular resorts on the south coast of England. It has much to offer any holiday-maker, as the town can boast a range of attractions and facilities to cater for nearly every taste. Bournemouth also possesses some beautiful beaches, with golden sands and safe bathing which are frequently backed by majestic cliffs and a promenade. The main features The core feature of the Beach is of course the Sea with its seven miles of golden sand. Bournemouth beach has a high standard of bathing safety, as there are ‘KidZone' areas and emergency lifesaving Perry buoys at regular intervals. RNLI Beach Rescue provides 7 day a week lifeguard service from Southbourne to Sandbanks between May and September, which is augmented by 5 voluntary lifesaving clubs at weekends and public holidays. The beach is patrolled by beach wardens over the summer and by full time, first aid trained inspectors throughout the year. During the bathing season 2003 the Environment Agency was monitoring bathing water quality all along the coast on a weekly basis; the Partnership's main interest, of course, is the quality of the bathing water at Bournemouth Pier. The beach is cleaned daily during the summer, weekly out of season. Areas of the beach have been designated glass free and can-recycling bins are provided. Dogs are allowed on parts throughout the year though they are banned from certain areas from May to September. The secondary features Beach Facilities There are many excellent facilities available along Bournemouth's beaches. These include toilets with access for disabled visitors, first aid posts, lost children centres and information offices. Catering facilities like â€Å"Harry Ramsden's World Famous Fish and Chips† (Restaurant and Takeaway), â€Å"KFC† and â€Å"Hot Rocks† serve drinks, hot and cold snacks and meals. Other entertainment features include the Amusements Arcade, where you can find all sorts of gambling and computer games. Thrill seekers can hop on the Simulator ride by the Pier. The leisure simulator uses the sophisticated technology previously developed for the training simulators used by tank drivers and astronauts to provide a new form of entertainment, which is enjoyable, exciting and yet completely safe. The Oceanarium is a fully interactive experience with touch screen games, feeding demonstrations and talks, plasma screen documentaries, walk-through underwater tunnel and exhibits to help you discover more about this fascinating underwater world. It brings you face to face with marine life from the furthest reaches of the globe. The IMAX offers the most advanced and compelling film experience in the world. Seeing a film at an IMAX theatre is the perfect group event – whether it is a birthday party, corporate outing or school trip. Every year more than 70 million people visit an IMAX theatre to see a film and over 96% would recommend it to their friends and family. The Pier Theatre, Bournemouth is a purpose built proscenium theatre completed in 1960. The foyer houses a small confectionery kiosk, box-office and public toilets. Disabled access is possible by arrangement through the box office. A Deaf Loop (induction) System is in operation. A unisex disabled toilet is available. Disabled Parking is available by arrangement with the manager. The Pier Bar is adjoining the Theatre and is operated by Bournemouth Services. One of the most popular and certainly most distinctive features of the Seafront is the land train, which carries more than 260,000 passengers a year. Six Zigzag paths connect the beach to the service road above. Three pairs of Cliff lifts run up and down the cliff all day long throughout the season. Visible from literally miles away, there are exciting opportunities to brand the lifts – and the lift stations. With 2100 Deckchairs, you have an exceptional opportunity to improve the bottom line, with advertising that can't fail to be noticed. Located at intervals along the beach, there are 28 Bastions with free shower facilities. Close to the beach are the Gardens, which are an idea haven from the bussing streets of Bournemouth. Candle light displays and lights lead you down to the seafront where in the summer months you can see the firework displays. The ‘Free spirit of Bournemouth' balloon ascends above Bournemouth to give you a birds eye view of Bournemouth town centre and the beach. The gardens also have a pavilion where brass bands play daily to an audience in the gardens. The Russell-Cotes-Museum is a very individualistic gallery, containing the personal collection of art formed by Sir Merton and Lady Russell-Cotes presented to the town of Bournemouth and opened to the public in 1919. Seaside Activities Swimming (watercraft free zones at certain beaches), sailing, fishing, surfing, canoeing, jet skiing, windsurfing, power boating, pedalo hire, beach hut hire and water skiing. Areas or the beach have been zoned as No Smoking, Kidzone, and Can-zone recycling areas. Firework displays are held on Bournemouth Pier every Friday night between July 26th and August 30th. Bournemouth Carnival and Regatta is traditionally held during the first week of August. Wildlife and Walks A three-kilometre undercliff walk leads from Fisherman's Walk east to Hengistbury Head. The seafront promenade is 10km long stretching from Southbourne to Alum Chine and then on to Sandbanks. A cycle route has been introduced along the promenade. Pedestrians always have right of way and from June to September and cycling is only permitted between 7pm and 10am. The Bournemouth cliffs provide an ideal habitat for the nationally rare sand lizard and smooth snake, as well as many plant species. Parking Roadside parking along the overcliff drive. Various pay and display carparks, including the Undercliff Car Park on the beach with access at Boscombe Pier. Public Transport Bournemouth coach and train station is linked to the town centre and all of the beaches by yellow buses. Once at the seafront a land train service operates along the promenade between Hengistbury Head and Alum Chine, stopping at all beaches and also the cliff lifts. Visitor numbers and Types of visits: â€Å"Bournemouth Seafront is, and has always been, a major tourism attraction. Bournemouth as a resort attracts around four million visitors each year (2.3 million day visitors; 1.7 million staying visitors). It is estimated that over 20,000 people are directly employed in tourism related businesses and that tourism is worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½350 million a year to Bournemouth's economy.† â€Å"The main tourist season begins with the Spring Bank Holiday and peaks during the school summer holiday period of mid July to early September. All other public and school holidays, such as Easter, are also busy tourist periods on the Seafront.† Types of visitors: At present, 70% of seaside visitors are elderly and less affluent, which means that they spend very little money during their stay, so Bournemouth had to attract a different type of customer. Many small attractions were opened, in order to serve different types of tourists, in particular children, as they brought together people from all different backgrounds, so places such as Putlake Adventure farm and the Oceanarium were opened. Bournemouth also has 2,000 acres of formal gardens, which are frequently judged as the best in Britain, and serve as an attraction for the older generation of visitors. The present pier, which was built in 1880, incorporates a theatre, restaurants, a disco and amusement arcades, which together form Bournemouth's most popular attraction. Bournemouth has relied upon its reputation to bring in the tourists and therefore it has a very good record: In 1996 it was named as â€Å"The World's Cleanest and Greenest City. It has also received Blue Flag Beach Awards every year since 1990 and since 1999 has been awarded the Green Flag Award. Three times since 1991, it has been the winner of Britain in Bloom and was Europe's Floral Champion in 1995. With the building of the Bournemouth International Conference Centre, many important conferences have brought attention to the town, these include several political party conferences, and brings in lots of business for the hotels and shops. The main problem with seaside resorts is the fact that their custom is seasonal, this can be seen in the newspapers where there are advertisements for cheap rates in the hotels, for example Sun Court Hotel offers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 per person per night at the moment, as it is the end of the season. The way this is combated is by the use of the conference centre, which tries to bring business in almost all year round, for example, the Conservative party conference is always held at the end of the season, as the season is then extended for an extra week. Poole relies on recreation in its harbour for its business. 60,000 new houses are to be built in the area by 2010, as it is doing so well. Lots of visitors go across on the sandbanks ferry to Studland where 95% of visitors go to beach. In Poole Harbour, sailing and windsurfing take place, while conservation also takes place with SSSI's for the dunes, mudflats and mines, which bats have inhabited. Swanage has also suffered a decrease in its custom since the 1970's: a total of 3,200 beds in hotels and guesthouses have now been reduced to a total of 1,900. With a population of 9,170, there are a total of 9355 beds available for visitors, with a quarter of a million visitors capable of being accommodated in the whole year, although the main season is 26 weeks long. Despite a large number of visitors, although decreasing, the average day visitor spends à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½9, which is not enough to keep a community running. Therefore, the total number of beds is still set to decrease, as the only real attractions are the Swanage railway, which is now being used for park and ride to Corfe castle, and Durlston Country Park, which receives 150,000 visitors. Despite not being a National Park and a decreasing popularity of seaside resorts, except among the retired population, Dorset seems to be surviving. Some areas do seem to be â€Å"thriving†, although a question of their future does hang over areas such as Swanage. Dorset has a number of attractions that keep it a popular location for visitors, however, whether it is thriving or not is a big question, as whereas places such as Bournemouth are doing very well, others are not doing so well.

American Government and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

American Government and politics - Essay Example Presidential speeches are dynamically recorded online in which individuals can discuss their opinions on. Furthermore, networks such as CNN and even white house are on twitter. Although this may seem risky, it allows the government to convey their message and benefit from these avenues of social networking. Law exists because it is critical for human existence. It is in human nature to engage in constant warfare. When law is implemented and citizens give up their rights to a sovereign ruler, things seem to be in harmonious manner. When someone violates the law, they are imprisoned for their actions. Prison and fines are the common ways punishing individuals who don’t abide with the law. Congress and the government makes the law to secure the freedom for the citizens of America. However, the process of laws being enacted is a long due process which can be often frustrating not to mention the rivalry that exists between Republicans and Democrats. Select ONE of the following scenarios  for the assigned chapters and complete the Critical Analysis questions.   Your written response must be at least 100 words in support of your position on the questions.   Be sure to note the chapter number and feature in your response. The concept of Shariah laws is complicated that are handled carefully with Islamic scholars. The shariah insists that a person must say the word â€Å"talaaq,† which means divorce in order to obtain that talaaq. If a person says this three times to a same person, he is not allowed to marry her every as the marriages becomes null. The problem is the fact that when men just write the word divorce instead of saying it. In essence, does it become valid if a person does it through texting or email? Indeed, Islamic jurists have pondered upon that issue. Recently though, the Saudi courts have upheld this issue and said that divorce through texting should be upheld. Freedom of expression is

Strangers to these Shores Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strangers to these Shores - Essay Example This book feature topics pertaining to a plethora of current issues, including Afrocentrism, multiculturalism, political correctness, the glass ceiling, ethnoviolence, immigration, illegal aliens, and bilingual education apart from serving as a popular and versatile guide and informant to general educators and historians alike in the field of racial and ethnic relations. The book unfolds in the form of a story of a society determined to rise out of the dredges of the disadvantages of diversity. The basic aim that this society seems to have in mind revolves around the achievement of unity through an amalgamation of all its varied sections as it strives to retain its right to be different. Unity in Diversity seems to be the underlying message of this book. The content builds up on the all important premise that without a clear understanding of different lifestyles and ways of living, the population in general will not get the scope to enjoy a broader perspective in their own lives. This thought can be called a summation of all the ideas in this book. Strangers to these Shores goes on to give an insight into various communities and so called minorities who have the potential to transport us to unknown lands and their unknown cultures. In this book, as the title implies, the author has dealt with the migrant and his experiences in terms of arriving upon the great land called America as a stranger. The stranger here is one who has come from far away and more importantly, it implies to that person who has ventured out of his home and accepted way of life for the first time in search of greener pastures. This stranger can change his status only when he lives here and has his future generations growing up to be essentially American. But what about those religious sentiments and one basic culture that is so strongly embedded into the migrant's identity and basic attitude towards life and work Does that simply vanish This book seek to find out the facts and present these findings in a clear and precise manner. As demonstrated by the author in all his chapters, the great American mosaic is one that consists of a plethora of races and ethnicities functioning under the salad bowl syndrome. While the ethnic background of a person, irrespective of the country he is residing in, is an important feature that forms the basic make up of his identity and renders him a strong identity, we also have to acknowledge the fact that religion has a large role to play in this regard. While not necessarily staunch or conservative, the American population in general is one that takes things easy on the religious front - barring a few catholic sections. This attitude is reflected in their religious structures and way of living, which lack the excessive ornamentations that one will constantly find in Europe. A important premise on which one can conduct studies regarding such religious minorities is that in any country that boasts of rich diversity where its population is concerned, there are various factors that support its argument for the state of political and cultural affairs. While race and ethnicity are important factors, religion holds its own when it comes to identities and conflicts that erupt in the face of group interactions. In the twelfth chapter titled, Religious Minorities, the author has dealt with those groups that follow a specific religion and are a minority. These groups exist in various nooks and

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Statement Example I have always paid a great deal of attention towards my educational realms and this is the reason why I have attained the best out of my knowledge thus far. I have successfully completed my Bachelors of Finance from College of Business Administration in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia with a GPA of 4.49 out of 5.0. I learned the basis of finance and how the world of economic disparities have brought to the fore the understanding of business and its related realms. I have become prone to finding out the goodness within the financial ranks as well as discern the negativities which have plagued the system. I believe that my education has opened up my pathways as now I can see life as it is, and determine where I am right and where I have gone wrong with the advent of time. This has implicated for my success across the board and has made me who I am with utmost care and attention to detail. I look forward to being a part of the Global Village in the near future through my hard work and dedication. Coming towards my professional background, this has been filled with work experience that I have incorporated for three different organizations. I learned how to give solutions to customers’ hardware, assembly, installation and maintenance processes. I also found out how to work as a team within this job as well as to manage time properly. I tested product and system performance which were geared to enhance solutions towards engineering and technological issues. I developed team working technologies, manage time adequately well, and communicate through the skills that I had learned thus far. My essential role was to make sure that I provided for an efficient and effective administrative support base for the employees around me. I also possess a number of skills which are specially suited to my personality domains. These comprise of the organizational skills like capable of working under strict deadlines and taking on pressure routines; the language skills where I am good at t he native Arabic, fluent in English and basic Greek; the computer skills where I am reasonably sound at some of the more renowned software and operating systems which are present in the market. Seeing myself 10 to 20 years ahead shall always make me feel proud of what I have learned today. I envision success through hard work and persistence and this is the reason why my future is devoted towards some of the more renowned names in the world of business. I have set my aims high while remaining firm on the ground to show my true mettle. I would immensely cherish the fact that I can establish a business for my own self or if I could work within a multinational company as a business developer. But for that I would require a MBA in Operations Management as this will be the basis of my success in the times to come. I am aptly driven at B2B, IPO and M&A, and thus I understand these are significant drivers to bring success towards my folds in the coming times. I would request the authoritie s at the helm of affairs to give me a chance to showcase who I am and what I bring to the MBA program as this is my utmost wish to seek a Masters Degree program under my belt. My interests are more towards project management and/or operations management as I believe these two aspects will ultimately put me on the global map with my complete devotion

Life Changing Sport Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Life Changing Sport - Assignment Example The more upmarket All Star Lanes opened in January, 2006 in the basement of Victoria House in Southampton Row offering bowling alongside a cocktail bar and restaurant (Sunday Times 05.03.06). The sport of bowling (also known as tenpins) is an indoor sport in which a ball between 6 and 16 lbs. in weight is rolled down a lane approximately 42 inches wide and 60 feet long in an effort to knock down 10 pins set in a triangular array at the other end of the lane. The modern version of the sport is traced to the 4th or 5th century A.D. in Germany, where the bowler rolled a ball down the aisle of a church at a club called the heathen. Hitting the heathen was a demonstration of the religious faith of the bowler. During the Middle-Ages, there were a variety of forms of bowling with the number of pins ranging from 3 to 15. Dutch settlers brought the sport to the New World in the early 17th century. The tenth pin was added to the game in 1842. With the advent of Television the popularity of bowling increased in the 1950s. The sport has lost much of its charm and with the mushrooming video-game parlours and other 'pop' activities attention of the young people has been diverted away from bowling. It is considered by many as either pass or too childish, or youth-orientated. The opening of the two new, high-end, bowling alleys is perhaps indicative of a revival of interest in the game. Marketing is the business function that identifies customer needs and wants, determines which target markets the organization can serve best, and designs appropriate products, services, and programs to serve these markets. It guides the entire organization. The goal of marketing is to create customer satisfaction by building value-based relationships with customers, in conjunction with other internal and external business units. The end-result is gaining market leadership by understanding consumer needs and finding solutions of superior value, quality, and service. This presentation looks at understanding the concept, product, positioning and marketing strategy of one of the new bowling alleys (All Star Lanes), and identifying a path for repositioning and promotion with a view to improve profitability through improved customer satisfaction. The Present Product All Star Lanes has four lanes and two upstairs and is positioned as a leisure centre with multiple activities that includes offering a good eating facility and an ambience modelled on America of the 1950s. The face it presents to its customers is 'fresh and flippant and not too straight faced' (squaremeal.co.uk).It has a capacity to seat 80 and offers a cocktail bar and a menu that is American chow wagon based. The dcor is plastic, chrome and leather and tailored to attract young people and at the same time targets to attract clientele by offering a boutique type experience for parties. On all the present identified objectives, it scores well and has attracted very good ratings from critics; some even giving it a four to five star rating on ambience, service, value for money, and food (Time Out, 2006). Repositioning The proposed repositioning requires a total change in concept from being a leisure centre targeting young

Why Do Voters Vote Against Their Party Dissertation

Why Do Voters Vote Against Their Party - Dissertation Example The importance of this study is to determine the relationship between voting and party identification. The party identification significantly affects the outcome of an election. This was especially true in many elections that took place between 1972 and 2008 and this effect is mostly felt on the presidential vote choice.2 The effect of party ID was weaker between 1980 and 2000, but saw a dramatic rise in effect from 2004 to 2008. Ideological reputation is an emerging perception and attitude that citizens portray towards parties. This is the reason for the greater consistency in the policy views of the members of the public and their partisanship. This means the choice of leadership is motivated by partisanship which consequently implies party identification. In examining of these factors we draw the understanding of the nature of election results as well as the dynamics of the American election. Hence it is true that there is a close link of party identification to the voting choices of American citizens. Mark Twain stated â€Å"no party holds the privilege to dictate me how I shall vote. If loyalty to party is a form of patriotism, I am no patriot†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 3 Plausible reasons why voters vote against their party identification include long term and short term factors. Candidate quality also has a bearing on vote choice. For example, incumbents are evaluated based on their previous record of work hence they can or cannot benefit from the voter evaluation depending on the quality of their work.

Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing - Essay Example Not that she was interested, she always told herself, but it felt nice that even the chubby seventeen-year-old Roger was all calf-eyed around her. Brian was the tall, wiry sort with a passion for rock-climbing and biking. After a whole day spent rafting on the river, he was leading the pack on to what he called a little jaunt on the rocks. Lisa had always been afraid of heights, but never let on in front of Brian or the others. The group of reckless youngsters kept climbing, and she followed. Brian was way ahead of her, exhorting the group to keep going. "Come on, you all, we haven't got all day!" she heard him say. Lisa could hear the river gurgling below, and the hill seemed somehow empty of air. She kept going, until suddenly the root she had gripped with her left hand slithered out of the loose earth like a clumsy snake, with nothing else around to grasp, only sheer, smooth, rock. She was hanging on to the trunk of a sapling with her right hand. When Lisa glanced down, she realized that in climbing up a short incline of a few feet, she was actually hanging above a gorge a few hundred feet deep with her feet on loose rock. She choked, and the sound made Roger, w... Lisa could hear the river gurgling below, and the hill seemed somehow empty of air. She kept going, until suddenly the root she had gripped with her left hand slithered out of the loose earth like a clumsy snake, with nothing else around to grasp, only sheer, smooth, rock. She was hanging on to the trunk of a sapling with her right hand. When Lisa glanced down, she realized that in climbing up a short incline of a few feet, she was actually hanging above a gorge a few hundred feet deep with her feet on loose rock. She choked, and the sound made Roger, who was puffing ahead of her, look down. "Hold on', he said, "I will come fetch you". Lisa could barely breathe, her ears ringing, and she merely nodded her head. Her muscles screaming under the strain, she held on, not daring to move an inch. She wanted to cry out for Brian, but he was nowhere in sight. Roger was calm, all reassurance: "Give me your hand, don't worry, I won't let you go". Fear squeezing her heart, she put her left hand in his and with a wrench let go of the sapling and gave him her right hand as well. She felt a sharp, half decaying tang of mortality in her breath, and then Roger had pulled her up. "Are you alright" offered Roger, and she nodded, drawing in long shaking breaths, "Thanks, I'm alright now.. thanks to you." As she sat ona rock on that sun-dappled afternoon, she did not feel quite so invincible, and realized that this is perhaps why the human race is given fear, pain and death. She thought of that intense, spontaneous burst of prayer that issued from her soul as she let go of her grip on the hill, a prayer of surrender into hands more powerful than her own, than Roger's, more powerful even than those of even the strongest man on earth. It

Finance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Finance Management - Essay Example The paper also assesses loans for the investment proposal and two suitable alternatives have been discussed. Analysis of Current Financial Performance: Ratio analysis has been used here to identify the company’s position in terms of the profitability, efficiency, liquidity and financial structure. (Drury, 2005) Here the paper analyses the financial results of the four divisions over the past three years, based on which the business improvements in terms of the aid planning, control and performance management in the future have been discussed. The results are as discussed below: Profitability: Based on the profitability ratios, it has been noted that the Quality Product Division has seen an improvement in terms of the net profit margins. The company has moved from a loss to a profit of almost 3.36% which shows growth. Also the Return on Equity has also grown from a negative result in 2007 to almost10% which is close to the company’s required rate of return. The gross pro fit margin for the company however has been stable. Quality Products Division

U.S.-Middle East Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

U.S.-Middle East Relations - Essay Example As Americans, the thought of Middle East almost instantly ignites visual pictures of extremist terrorists who can go a painful length to attain revenge on their enemies. They thus view America as being supportive of the Israeli invasion of Palestine. U.S political elites view Israel as being strategically located for their influence in world politics. Their support for Israel is blindsided by the atrocities committed by the Israelites on Palestinians. The shared values between the US and Israel makes these political elites to become insensitive to the suffering of the Palestinian people (Hahn 167). The political elites believe that it is right for Israel to repossess Palestine back as their land. Jews played a major role in early America, the American Revolution and on the country’s founding fathers. This shared system of values including that of shared democratic politics, economic development, and shared religious heritage has made the US and Israel close allies that the political elites become focused on maintaining this relation while overlooking Palestinian  suffering.

My High School Years Essay Example for Free

My High School Years Essay We all have nice memories of when we attended high school. Memories that will never be forgotten. For most of us it has been a while since high school and it is all a blur. We all remember a lot of things, especially things that the school did and we didn’t approve of. Something that would annoy us, but we wouldn’t be able to do anything about it. The majority of us, I’m sure, don’t like the way the school handled the schedule, the food we had for lunch, or the teachers we had to listen to. One of the things that they need to change in high school is the way they handle the lunch periods. School is already hard on us because of all the homework we get and I don’t think is fair that they won’t allow us to pick our lunch period. We are all accustomed to eating at a certain time. The school would either give us lunch too early or too late. If they gave us lunch too early, we wouldn’t be hungry. In my case I would have breakfast during my study hall which was 3rd period, then I would have lunch which was 4rd period. I would have to force myself to eat or else I would be hungry the rest of the day. If we had lunch too late, we would not be able to concentrate in class because while we were working silently on our work we could hear our stomach growling, students that were sitting around us would just laugh. I remember that when that would happen to me I would start turning the pages of my book real fast so that the students around me couldn’t hear me. When I was in high school most of the students were mean and unfriendly. It was really hard to make friends, at least for me it was, and to be placed in a lunch period where you didn’t know anyone wasn’t easy. Our high school had a big cafeteria that could be divided into three smaller rooms, but they would never open up the walls. The reason for this was that there had been a huge fight once and they didn’t want any more confrontations. Each room had a name, they were named Commons A, Commons B, and Commons C. We weren’t able to pick the common in which we wanted to be in. The school, to make our life more miserable, would also give us assigned seats. One thing that I can’t complain about and that my classmates are probably going to look at me right now for saying this is the food. I went to Belvidere High School and I loved the food! I would look forward to lunchtime every day just because of the food. Till this day I have not found alfredo sauce that is as good as the one that they just to give us in high school. One thing that I would hate in high school was how they would run the schedules. They would give us too much time for one thing and not enough for another. We would go into a classroom for 15 minutes and do nothing. This class period was called home room. The teacher was supposed to inform us of changes that would be going on around the school, but they never would. We would sit there for 15 minutes of our life and basically do nothing. The teacher herself didn’t know what was going on. They also need to take away study hall, people didn’t do their homework during study hall. They would just sit there and talk, they wouldn’t even bring their books to study hall. Instead of getting study hall we should get more gym time. I mean, 45 minutes isn’t enough to actually exercise. By the time that we are done getting dressed we only have about 35 minutes left. Then the teachers instead of hurrying up the students, they’re over there having conversations with the other gym teachers . Then they take forever to take attendance. By then time they’re done explaining what were actually doing that day, we have like 25 minutes left of gym, not including the 5 minutes they give us at the end of the class period to get changed. 20 minutes is not enough time to run a gym class. We can’t exercise, sweat and take a shower in that little time and then the media complains that the students are obese. The method that some teachers have of teaching is absolutely awful. My Spanish teacher for native speakers was really nice and got along with everyone. All the students would talk so well about her, they would always say positive things about her. Probably because they never did anything while they were in her class. The only thing was that she was horrible at teaching. Well, it wasn’t that she was horrible at it, it was just that she wouldn’t teach anything. I remember she got sick and was out for three months. During that time we literally did not do anything. I remember that the substitute would just look at us and he would ask us what would we usually do, we would look at him, smile and answer â€Å"nothing†. Don’t ask why, but this was the second year that I had taken Spanish class with her, so when she came back she told us that most of us had been with her for two years so she would give us a grade based on what we had gotten the year before. I took that class to improve my writing in Spanish, to learn the proper grammar, but I did not achieve any of that. The English teachers weren’t as bad as the Spanish teacher, but we still didn’t accomplish much. The only time that I remember writing an essay in high school was junior year. Maybe it had to do with the school that I was in. My junior year of high school I went to Belvidere High School instead of Elgin High School. In Belvidere High the teachers were a little more strict, at least that’s what I thought. Until I found out that the only teacher that had ever assigned me to do an essay had been with one of the students. I was completely shocked because she had always been very professional about her job. Even though there’s a lot of negatives things with the high school that I went to, I still enjoyed every minute of it. I got to meet new people and experience new things. Sure my high school wasn’t the best, but I am still thankful that I received a basic education. The only thing that I do regret is not going to prom. I told myself that if no one asked me to prom that I wouldn’t go. Nobody ended up asking me so I didn’t go. I lost the chance to experience something that you only get to experience once in your life. So enjoy your high school while you can because once you are out, there is no turning back.

Samsung managing intangible assets across borders

Samsung managing intangible assets across borders Unlike other electronic companies Samsung origins were not involving electronics but other products. In 1938 the Samsungs founder Byung-Chull Lee set up a trade export company in Korea, selling fish, vegetables, and fruit to China. Within a decade Samsung had flour mills and confectionary machines and became a co-operation in 1951. From 1958 onwards Samsung began to expand into other industries such as financial, media, chemicals and ship building throughout the 1970s. In 1969, Samsung Electronics was established producing what Samsung is most famous for, Televisions, Mobile Phones (throughout 90s), Radios, Computer components and other electronics devices. In 1978, Samsung Semiconductor became a separate entity producing for the domestic market. With the development of a 64K DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) VLSI chip (Very Large Scale Integration electronics chips) it expanded globally. In 1987, the founder and chairman, Byung-Chull Lee passed away and Kun-Hee Lee took over as chairman. In the 1990s Samsung began to expand globally building factories in the US, Britain, Germany, Thailand, Mexico, Spain and China until 1997. In 1997 nearly all Korean businesses shrunk in size and Samsung was no exception. They sold businesses to relieve debt and cut employees down lowering personnel by 50,000. But thanks to the electronic industry they managed to curb this and continue to grow. In the financial crisis in that year, Samsung was facing US $20 billion in debt and had to slim down the company by more than 100 non-essential businesses in a restructuring process. It kept only 47 affiliated companies and strategically re-focused on four technical components: displays, storage media, random access memory (RAM) and processors. The history of Samsung and mobile phones stretches back to over 10 years. In 1993 Samsung developed the lightest mobile phone of its era. Then they developed smart phones and a phone combined mp3 player towards the end of the 20th century. To this date Samsung are dedicated to the 3G industry, making video, camera phones at a speed to keep up with consumer demand. Samsung has made steady growth in the mobile industry and are currently second but competitor Nokia is ahead with more than 100% increase in shares. It is ranked as number 21 of the 100 most valuable brands worldwide carried out by Interbrand in 2008. This is an increase of more than 200% since 2000 with brand value rising from US $5.2 billon up to US $17.5 billion.  [1]   Samsung has recently overtaken Sony as the worlds biggest producer of televisions. Its philosophy of bringing people the latest technology at a fair price has quickly made it a firm consumer favorite, while its phones are now second only to Nokia. Looking ahead, the brand realizes the importance of having stronger representation at the point of sale, so it will open more Samsung retail outlets to deliver the full brand experience. The restructuring process led Samsung also to focus on core businesses. It restructured its business into four strategic business areas Home Network, Mobile Network, Office Network and Core components that support network products. Samsung follows a simple business philosophy: to devote its talent and technology to creating superior products and services that contribute to a better global society. Every day, its people bring this philosophy to life. Its leaders search for the brightest talent from around the world and give them the resources they need to be the best at what they do. The result is that all of its products-from memory chips that help businesses store vital knowledge to mobile phones that connect people across continents- have the power to enrich lives. And thats what making a better global society is all about. At Samsung, a rigorous code of conduct and some core values are at the heart of every decision they make. Quite simply, a company is its people. At Samsung, they are dedicated to giving their people a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential. Everything they do at Samsung is driven by an unyielding passion for excellence -and an unfaltering commitment to develop the best products and services on the market. In todays fast-paced global economy, change is constant and innovation is critical to a companys survival. As they have done for 70 years, they set their sights on the future, anticipating market needs and demands so they can steer their company toward long-term success. Operating in an ethical way is the foundation of their business. Everything they do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness, respect for all stakeholders and complete transparency. A business cannot be successful unless it creates prosperity and opportunity for others. Samsung is dedicated to being a socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where they operate around the globe. COMMUNICATION POLICY Since 1998 Samsung has been an official sponsor of the Olympic Games: Nagano (1998), Sydney (2000), Salt Lake City (2002) and continued its sponsorship until 2008. During the Games Samsung provides athletes, organizational staff and journalists with especially developed mobile phones promoting Samsungs products and delivering its promise of being an innovative and flexible company. With the Olympic Games Samsung gained quick, cost-effective global exposure. Its brand awareness increased after each Olympics about 2% and had a huge impact on the quick rise of the brand. Brand value increased since 2000 until 2004 about 100%. Samsung lends support to people and their communities in many different ways. Their current area of focus is on investing in teenagers futures, through support of science education and creative thinking that encourages leadership; assisting children in low-income families by supporting educational infrastructure and discovering and supporting outstanding students; and supporting programs that encourage family well-being. They also carry out programs in these areas at each of their eight volunteer centers. Samsung provides support for diverse artistic and cultural activities around the world. Over the years, Samsung has contributed extensively to numerous museums, galleries and exhibits in Korea and in many countries, including the United States and France. The Samsung Museum of Modern Art collects preserves and exhibits modern and contemporary art from Korea and abroad, while the Samsung Childrens Museum, the first of its kind in Korea, invites children have fun exploring the world they live in. Samsung also hosts and supports various cultural events for children and programs that encourage their early artistic development. In 1995, Samsung launched the Social Contribution Corps to encourage employees to get involved in community service. The initiative has since expanded to eight volunteer centers across Korea, manned by social welfare experts who support the development of employee volunteer programs. Their employees use their expertise and skills to give back to local communities and each employee donates an average of 10 hours to community-based projects. Strengthening the minds and fostering the creativity of young people is a primary focus of many of Samsungs programs. Samsung is a major supporter of the Korea Youth Science Olympiad, the countrys most prestigious science competition for junior, middle and high schools and the National Students Creativity Olympiad, aimed at encouraging inventiveness among students from junior to high school levels. Since 2001, Samsung has teamed up with the Green Family Movement Association to run a green school, which promotes environmental awareness in children and enables them to take practical steps to protect the ecosystems. For its target customers, Samsung established both in B2C and B2B the concept of hero products. It means that each Samsung subsidiary has to define at least one hero product, e.g. mobile phone, TV or digital camera, which has based on local or regional market research potential to become a blockbuster. Samsung very closely involves its target customers in the development/research process via generating feedback on its B2B online platforms. To achieve business impact, a common planning/monitoring across disciplines is needed with a brand management via value creation and innovation rather than simple cost controlling. Samsung, when switching its strategy towards a premium brand, started to move its planning towards communication activities which have impact on each step of the customer relationship path, i.e. from awareness to purchase to loyalty. Two major directions of impact towards high-end distribution channels and an emotional approach for its campaign were Samsungs strategy. In its latest campaign, Samsung cemented the companys new up market image by promoting its products in high-end distribution channels. Despite several challenging moments for the semiconductor industry, such as the recession in early 1990s and early 2000, Samsung aggressively increased its investments in the business unlike the rest of the industry which laid-off workers to cut cost. This preemptive investment strategy helped Samsung to gain market share and to meet the rapidly growing demand for 4 megabyte chips after 1994 in the global market. Samsung became the number one memory chipmaker in 1993. By pursuing twin goals of leading-edge technology and producing one generation-old products in the niche market of memory chips, Samsung successfully avoided risks of failing in the market. They laid out Flash memory where text, photos, sound and screen can be saved in the small-sized chips. Samsungs market share of memory chips has been growing continuously from 10.8% in 1993 to 28% in 2004, but it still follows Intel in the non-memory sector. In 2000, Samsung asserted that digital consumers, a growing importance of business networks and technical devices would create new demands for semiconductors in the future. Samsung recently announced its plans to beat Intel in computer chip sales and to make a better partnership with it at the same time. Synergy effects will be drawn when all three core elements of investment, leading-edge technology and the unique digital products work together within a dynamic business interaction. Samsungs vice president Yun Jong-Yong stated that the company will try to become one of the top 3 electronics firms by 2010 in terms of quality and quantity and will therefore try to raise its brand value and revenues in its semiconductor business over Intel. Despite tough competition Samsung and Intel both plan on building better platforms to improve combined business opportunities. Samsung is already leading the electronic market in some product segments, such as in the set-top box as leading product in home networking. FUTURE CHALLENGES As the market leader in semi-conductor chips, the third largest cellular handset maker in the world behind Nokia and Motorola, and the largest manufacturer of flat display screens in the world, Samsung has indeed come a long way from its humble beginnings of 1938. But Samsung faces some tough challenges in the future. Maintaining consistency Samsung has invested billions of dollars in global advertising and brand building activities. Given its presence in multiple industries on the one hand and its consistent investment in RD on the other, it will be difficult for Samsung to sustain its investment in branding activities. But Samsung must not be complacent and reduce the brand budget. It has not yet reached a position where the brand can live independent of its products as Sony does. Therefore, it will be extremely important that Samsung continues to build and nurture its brand in a consistent manner. Spreading the corporate brand too thinly Even today, the Samsung name is found on literally everything from ships, memory chips, to mobile phones and camcorders. Although the company is leveraging its brand to build new business and gain considerable advantage in existing businesses, this can prove dangerous to the corporate brand. As Samsung has been trying hard to position itself as a premium lifestyle brand worldwide, many of the businesses in the Samsung portfolio do not match this positioning. Therefore, although it might appear as an advantage at the outset, spreading the corporate brand too thinly across a wide array of businesses might prove costly to Samsung in the long run. Local and international competition Today Samsung is faced with never-seen-before competition in the consumer electronics industry. Not only should it fight the leaders like Sony and Canon, but also the new crop of companies which are following the Samsung path to compete with Samsung, the most significant one being the LG Group of South Korea and potential competitors from China and Taiwan. Although Samsung has a comfortable lead time due to its top-notch technology and constant innovation, this should not lead to any sort of complacency. Samsung should continue investing in technology and design capabilities on the one hand and marketing and brand management activities on the other to maintain the lead over its rivals that it has so tirelessly built over the past decade. There is a high intensity and constant competition in the electronics industry and usually the main competitors come up with new products very often. If a company does not keep up with trends and new products, they will lose their customers and profits. According to Barney and Hesterly, high levels of rivalry are indicated by such actions as frequent introduction of new products by firms in an industry (Barney, Hesterly, 2008, p. 46). Rivalry tends to be high where there are numerous firms in an industry and these firms tend to be roughly the same size. Furthermore, rivalry tends to be high when firms are unable to differentiate their products from competitors in an industry. This can be seen in the personal computer and DVD industry. In the PC laptop industry, companies are focusing more on services that accompany the laptops and the designs of the computers. In the DVD industry the products are very similar and perform the same functions, thus it is hard to compete with existing co mpanies. If a company decided to compete in this industry, they have to compete with intense price rivalry. Dell focuses their strategy on selling their computers online and providing excellent customer service. They save money on not having a physical store and focus on online distribution instead. This saves them money and they can compete on other levels. With the popular trend of the internet, companies are now competing with providing more services online and expanding their online advertisement. The threat of Substitutes Substitutes in the consumer electronics industry are many and the different companies competing in this industry must apply many strategies in order to compete and make profits. The substitutes in the electronics market can be divided in to 4 categories. As will be mentioned the important factors in every industry of the general electronics market. Telecom The substitutes in the telecom industry are landline phones and email. At the moment, landline phones are losing popularity because of lower prices and popularity of cell phones and internet calling programs. In the cell phone industry, Apples I phone has the latest technology with its Touch screen, but companies are following and introducing new phones. Samsung has just introduced new line of innovative cell phones for 2008. Cell phones and PDAs have standard features and the only product differentiation lies with adding services such as Bluetooth, gaps and other communication applications and tools that are important for customers in the cell phone industry. Samsung provides an affordable PDA with the modern features to satisfy the average telecom user. Apple and Nokia are selling mobile phones with new technology for a high price for customers who are willing to pay more. There are not many substitutes for PDAs. The main one is using a cell phone or computer, laptop to call someone using e.g. Skype. Laptops / PC In the PC industry, the threat of substitutes is not very high because there are not many products that can do what a computer or laptop can provide. The only substitutes are portable and handheld devices. They are competing on price and trying to increase value based on service and customization. The major substitutes for computers are PDAs and cell phones for contacting other people. In terms of writing documents, portable devices are substitutes. Digital Cameras In the digital camera industry, there are two major substitutes. The first one is the film camera, and the other one is the cell phone camera. Unfortunately, there is not much interest in film cameras because of outdates technology and cell phone cameras dont provide the same quality and storage as digital cameras. HD TV Television have recently become very popular with the new HD technology. The substitutes for TVs are computers and laptops. For people who travel a lot, prefer to watch movies and favorite shows on their laptops because they can download or stream popular TV shows and movies from online sites. Furthermore, another substitute for TVs are going to the movies or watching videos on your IPod. Because of the limited availability and space on IPods and the smaller size of a laptop screen, TVs will still stay popular and be high in demand. Managing the Samsung brand architecture The Samsung name is used to represent every business unit of the Samsung group, as mentioned earlier. Even though the trend of late is to nurture a strong corporate brand, as Unilever and PG have been doing, Samsung lacks the necessary similarity between its various business units. Therefore, Samsung should develop a strong brand architecture system which will define and monitor the interaction of various brands within the Samsung portfolio with the corporate brand. This will be easier said than done, given the extremely diversified business units of the chaebol (Korean business conglomerate). The brand architecture would also guide Samsung in acquiring new brands to enter the value segments of different markets, as LG has done with the Zenith brand in the US to target solely the value segment. With the millions of dollars that Samsung has spent over the past decade to build the Samsung brand, it will be a major challenge to put in place a strong architecture system which will help the branding practices of Samsung going ahead. Creating the Samsung personality Most great brands are those that have strong personalities, with Apple iPod being the latest proof. But Samsung seems to have ignored this crucial aspect in building its brand. Although Samsung has been doing all the right things in its communications, it has not focused on creating a strong personality for its brand. It does not own anything specific in the consumers minds, like a Harley-Davidson standing for the rugged independence of western America or a BMW standing for the ultimate driving experience. As has been well recorded in the branding literature, a successful brand not only provides the customers with functional benefits, but also emotional and self-expressive benefits. So far, Samsung has emphasized the functional benefits of leading-edge technology, contemporary designs and exciting features. It needs to go beyond this and create a cult following for its brand, like the Apple iPod has done. Samsung needs to ensure that its brand can live on independently of its products. This could prove to be a major challenge. Although it is still a newcomer, Samsung has made significant inroads into the home and office printing markets over the past few years. The company has secured the second-place position in the laser printer category, following behind Hewlett-Packard but surpassing Brother and Lexmark. Samsungs ultimate intention is to achieve the top-tier position by 2010, but this is an aggressive goal that will require the right products and solutions, as well as a sound go-to-market strategy. Samsung has certainly been keeping on top of market trends, and it has launched a product range that is designed to meet the demands of todays consumers. The company has scrapped its A3 products and now offers multifunctional versions of all its devices, as well as recognizing the importance of the scanning function. Probably the most important announcement in 2008 comes from the solutions area, as Samsung finally has a competitive offering for this field. Samsungs next challenge will be to engage the channel to market these solutions. Samsung has enjoyed a year of growth and success. It is regarded as one of the worlds leading companies, producing products that are highly respected in the marketplace. The Samsung name is everywhere: in Asia, Europe and the Americas; the Northern and Southern hemispheres; in long-established nations and newly emerging ones. Samsung name means quality and innovation, and represents the combined teamwork of tens of thousands of employees worldwide. Samsung is moving to the forefront of the industry today because of its decade of dedication to the simple principles of change, innovation and creativity. Now that it is at last experiencing the success it has so long pursued and worked so hard to achieve, its mission has broadened. For with success come serious challenges and responsibilities. I believe that it is well prepared to meet these challenges and responsibilities. Success at Samsung has been the result of its relentless and fearless pursuit of change. It has taken the accepted and charged its employees to change it for the better. And it has dared to imagine the unimaginable. Nothing for it is ever finished-it can always be improved. It has used change as a motivator for its employees, as a metaphor for its culture and as a measure of its forward movement. Change has created momentum throughout the company. At Samsung, change has resulted in success-and success necessitates further change. It is now incumbent upon Samsung more than ever to continue to change at an accelerated rate. It will always stretch to greater heights. It will not rest on its laurels. People from the company will work harder, reach farther and continue to encourage and value change in order to maintain their leadership position. The responsibilities implied and demanded by its accomplishments are to its customers, its employees and to the communities around the world where it has made an impact, as well as to those where it will be influential in the future. Its customers have come to expect great products and service from it and Samsung will continue to deliver these. Its employees have come to expect a fertile environment in which they can create and a management structure that encourages, nurtures, values and rewards the creative process. Exploration of the possible-and sometimes the impossible-will always be encouraged. Among its immediate neighbors and around the world, there has been much transition. The world economy and social order have both been affected. There is much uncertainty ahead. It is its responsibility, broadly, to make the world a better place. Samsung do this every day through its products, which create better lives for the customers, and through demanding the highest standards throughout the organization. Now that the company finds itself in a leadership position, it is favorably situated to build on its legacy of change, innovation and creativity. Its five core values-people, excellence, change, integrity and co-prosperity-have served it well in the past and will continue to provide the sturdy foundation for a rewarding future. As employees worked to achieve these goals, they relied on these core values to overcome formidable obstacles: fierce competition, unhealthy economic environments and a rapidly changing world with many risks. Now stuff must look to these core values to maintain and improve their position as a market leader. It is now up to Samsung to redefine the future. It is not just their desire, but now also their duty to continue to strive to reach new heights. By taking on responsibility for the future, they can lead by example and demonstrate to the world that with hard work, it too can change for the better. Their growth and their future will come from the loyalty of their customers. They have earned this loyalty from their hard work in the past, and it will inspire them in the future. It is this loyalty that fuels the Samsung spirit and compels them to always keep moving ahead. It will not be easy maintaining their leadership position, but they are prepared for the challenge. They will redefine the future through their creative talent and by continuing to cultivate a culture that does not fear failure. The best measure of the success will be their ability to look back a year from now and be proud of their accomplishments, which were once only dreams. At Samsung, stability and security come from change. Through it, people working in the company will continue to aspire to lead and be prosperous. CONCLUSION Samsung Group is more than just the nations largest conglomerate. It is a mega brand with considerable cultural significance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ a business card with the blue and white logo is much coveted, while any Korean national would take pride in a Samsung billboard in a foreign country. Samsung has made itself noticeable as one of the most innovative and quality brands in the electronics industry. Samsung strives to be sustainable and achieve competitive advantage by remaining at the forefront of the digital market. Samsung policy is We will devote out human resources and technologies to create superior products and services thereby contributing to a better global society. Samsung provides the electronics market with a full range of great consumer products, ranging from mobile devices to home appliances. They have proved themselves an innovative and efficient company that strives to provide their customers with the newest products for a great price. With their wide range of products they have generated a powerful supply of products. In order to secure future success in a very competitive market, they need to focus on being innovative and expand their products in to new markets and countries. Samsung should also invest heavily into establishing its brand name in foreign countries to attract talent. Applying all of these recommendations and suggestions will generate a better future for Samsung and will make them be able to compete with other companies in the industry. Samsung is a market leader or major market share holder in its many segments. Samsung leads but does not lead a pace that cannot be followed or easily copied. For example, Apple leads the digital music player market at a pace that its competitors cannot follow. Apple passed its competition through its competitive advantage: innovation. Company culture at Apple creates the pace of innovation and new product designs and introductions. Samsung needs to lead the market through an innovative competitive advantage to push a pace not easily copied. Samsung has encountered foreign competition because foreign competition has acquired its own domestic talent. Samsung should invest heavily into establishing its brand name in foreign countries to attract talent. Samsung is moving to the forefront of the industry today because of its decade of dedication to the simple principles of change, innovation and creativity. Now that it is at last experiencing the success it has so long pursued and worked so hard to achieve, its mission has broadened. For with success come serious challenges and responsibilities.

Pride And Prejudice And The Romantic Ages English Literature Essay

Pride And Prejudice And The Romantic Ages English Literature Essay Despite its name, Romantic, the Romantic age had only a few things that was related to the real meaning of romance known now, however, love had been the main subject of most of the ages art. The age was actually a great achievement of art and philosophy that resulted in the western societies to change the way they thought about themselves and their surroundings as mentioned in the article Romanticism Adapted from  A Guide to the Study of Literature. Differing from the classical age the romantic age has given artists of that period more freedom and creation. Music for instance was of great value in terms of the way it expresses. Composers of the age used music along with freedom in expression to express nationalism and hence proving their cultural identity also as mentioned in the article Romantic Literature. And as mentioned in the article The Romantic Era it is stated that composers experimented length of compositions, new harmonies, and tonal relationships.   Furthermore, all s trict ideas in the structure of the society were breaking down. The romantic aged has marked a great power of more artistic energy and creativity. Romanticism is featured by many characteristics that influenced art and literature of that age. Starting with love of nature in which the romantics valued the beauty of nature because if the industrial revolution that has happened during that age forcing people to live in cities and loosing the peaceful country side livings. Romantics also valued nature because they believed it helped in realizing the real identity of ones self as mentioned in the article Romantic Literature. A clear romantic feature also appeared in the difference between rationality and emotions. The romantic age writers trusted their emotions in composing and writing unlike the classical ages. Romanticism created trust in human emotions and feelings and has reflected in the creativity of art. Romanticism also showed the belief in artists as the creators of the art. Unlike older ages where an artist was bond to reflect the surroundings in his art, Romanticism gave artists of its age the ability to express their inner feelings and emotions in their work. In older ages, literature and art were for high educated people of certain classes only but Romanticism gave chances for more common the ability to compose and create art under the concept of Nationalism. Exoticism has also reflected along with other features as people became fonder of exotic ideas and the idea of mystery. According to the article Romantic Literature supernatural ideas were also an approach that showed on artists work as they became more attracted to ideas of horror and mystery. Romantic age creativity also ga ve chances to normal people to be heros of an art unlike older classics where a hero is a noble man of high value. Most novels in the romantic age were written by females. One of the most important artists that appeared was the great Jane Austen an English novelist of romance based fiction. One of Jane Austens great writings was the novel Pride and Prejudice. The novel was based on the idea of marriage and how it was affected by the society. austen.jpg She believed that marriage should not be affected by the way people think or family issues and wealth and that it should be based more on ones need and feelings. She tried to convince readers that one should be married for the sake of love. Jane Austen showed how different ideas of her ages society affected the idea of marriage. Different classes of society during that age had certain ways of thinking when the idea of marriage from another class appears. Such ideas included the differences in reputation, pride, identity and family wealth. pride_and_prejudice-movie-picture.jpg In the novel the middle class family, The Bennets get to socialize with the higher class family the Bingleys and the Darcys but the idea that they are lower than them keeps on appearing in the way the novel events go by. Mrs. Bennets hope was to get her five daughters married to men whose class will provide good financial aid to her daughters as at that time a womans only way to possess good financials was getting married to good fortunes as mentioned in the article Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. The first sentence in the novel appears to provide a clear thought of the idea of classes. It stated that, It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. This also shows the opposite, that even a woman is in need of a wealthy man with good fortune. It is stated in the article Pride and Prejudice Marriage that marriage for a woman in the authors age is a status for her strive and achieve. Jane Austen reflects that the idea of prejudice between Darcy and Elizabeth when they first met and shows how love can break the boundary of class differences and pride. A major idea that was shown in Janes novel was the idea behind how certain physical appearances really hid how a persons real character is. It is clearly shown in the way Elizabeth was misguided with Mr. Darcys and Mr. Wickhams appearance on how their internal character really is as mentioned in the article Pride and Prejudice: Appearance vs. Reality. By the time most of the novels events are over Elizabeth comes to a decision that her primary impact on both Mr. Darcy and Mr. Wickham were incorrect. Jane Austen clearly concludes on her novel that appearance often tricks how people judge ones real character. The idea of hypocrisy appears several times in the novel mostly in positions where one of the novels characters has a sarcastic view on some point where he/she neglects that it might be in him/her self. For instance hypocrisy appears when the Bingleys make fun of the Gardners and the Lucas that they have gained their fortunes through trade which reflects low identity when they actually ignore the fact that their fortune has even been gained through trade. Caroline from the Bingleys, is also an example of hypocrisy where she supports her friend Elizabeth as long as it would not harm her plans and then at the closest stop gives her away with a low value letter intentionally. Finally, Pride and Prejudice, is a subject of how marriage acts in a demanding society, a society that demands pride, dignity, wealth and well-being. The novel clearly illustrates the writers feelings of how marriage should not be in the control of society pressures, wealth and appearances but for the sake of ones love. The novel also clearly shows how women had prejudice towards their low class when getting indulged with families of higher class levels. Pride and Prejudice shows not only the idea of love in marriage but represents all kind of relationships and how that the perfect couple with the perfect circumstances and reasons was hard to be found. The writer illustrates this by showing all kinds of thoughts that appear in marriages according to her view of her ages society. Works Cited Page Romanticism. 15 Feb. 2009. 10 May 2010. The Romantic Era. 10 May. 2010. Romantic Literature. 10 May. 2010. Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. 10 May.2010 Pride and Prejudice Marriage. 5 July 2010. 10 May. 2010

Sister Carrie and Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Compare Contrast Comparison

The Struggle for the Perfect Man in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God When we find a love interest and have an opportunity to commit to him or her, we usually do, not noting the consequences we may face by doing so. The first few times around, however, the outcome is usually not the one we had expected and hoped for. Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God portray two young women on their trek to find the perfect love. Even though Carrie Meeber and Janie Crawford have almost nothing in common, they both shared the impact of the same consequences. Carrie and Janie show how people of countless numbers of backgrounds can share the same experiences and consequences through their journey of love. The first relationship often makes a big impact on the person, one that they will never forget. Carrie’s journey begins on her train ride to Chicago. A very handsome and rich man, Drouet, takes note of Carrie and begins talking to her. She becomes overwhelmed at his quick advancement upon her and becomes weak and vulnerable. She quickly takes interest in him and does not know how to act or what to think as shown in this passage: There was something satisfactory in the attention of this individual with good clothes†¦.She realized that she was of interest to him from the one standpoint which a woman both delights in and fears. Her manner was simple, though for the very reason that she had not yet learned the many little affections with which women conceal their true feelings. (pp. 11-12, Sister Carrie) Carrie didn’t know what to expect when she got together with Drouet. She loved the wealth and money, and believed she loved Drouet. After a while she began to realize that she really didn’t love him. But she thought that marriage would be a guarantee against losing his affection and generosity. Janie, on the other hand, was forced into her first relationship, in which this case was a marriage. Janie thought she could grow to love Logan, but did not. She soon learned that marriage did not make love. Logan did nothing wrong, Janie was just looking for something else, someone who could love her the way she wanted to be loved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second relationship, things are often thought to be better, but it’s not always the case.

UML and its fit in the business community :: essays research papers

UML in the Business Community In the modern world, business analysts use UML as a communication tool to relay business needs to the IT professionals. What is the Unified Modeling Language (UML)? Here is a definition of UML according to the Object Management Group (OMG) specification. â€Å"The Unified Modeling Language is a graphical language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system. The UML offers a standard way to write systems blueprints, including conceptual things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software components.† First I will start out with a brief discussion on the history of UML. I will then briefly go over the different modeling aspects. Last, I will cover the different UML diagram types. What do you get when you take the different concepts of Booch, OMT, OOSE and Class-Relation then integrate them all into one single modeling language? Do you give up? You create a common and widely usable modeling language such as UML. UML strives to be the standard modeling language which can monitor both concurrent and distributed systems. According to Wikipedia, the OMG has in fact made UML into an industry standard by calling for information on object-orientated (OO) methodologies that might create a rigorous software modeling language. Many industry leaders answered this calling to help create the standard. There are three different aspects of the modeled system which are handled by UML. These three modeling aspects are the functional model, object model and the dynamic model. The functional model is concerned with how the system functions from the user’s point of view. This model includes use case diagrams. The object model deals with the structure and substructure of the system using objects, operations, associations, and attributes. This model includes class diagrams. The dynamic model deals with the internal behavior of the system. This model includes sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and statechart diagrams. There are many types of UML diagram types. These diagram types consist of use case diagrams, class diagrams, collaboration diagrams, sequence diagrams, statechart diagrams, activity diagrams, and deployment diagrams. Use case diagrams are used to obtain system requirements from a user’s perspective. The use case diagram can be thought of as an interaction that a user has with a system to achieve a goal. Class diagrams represent static structure of the classes and their relationships in a system. Interaction diagrams consist of both sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams.

The Gross Clinic :: essays research papers

In 1874, Thomas Eakins took a second course in anatomy at Jefferson Medical College. He attended surgical lectures and clinics presided over by Professor Samuel D. Gross. Eakins painted â€Å"The Gross Clinic,† to show the emotion involved in medical procedures. It appears as if the doctors performing the surgery have emotionally removed themselves from the situation at hand. By removing themselves from the emotional aspects of the surgery, the doctors can complete the task much easier than they would have been able to do if they had become emotionally attached to the patient. Had the doctors been emotionally involved in the surgery, they would have become more prone to making errors while operating on the patient because they would be thinking more of their feelings than they would about the surgery in progress. Although emotions are great and necessary things, sometimes trying to remove them is for the best. Another thing noticed by the viewer is the veiled woman crying next to the doctor. She is very involved in this operation by letting her emotions freely show themselves. This woman could be the mother or siblings of the patient, and while she knows that the surgery was necessary to save or improve the life of her beloved, it is difficult to watch. By putting emotions out into the open, as the woman has done, makes them easier to deal with. Keeping feelings bottled up inside can cause breakdowns and emotional instability. This adds another layer of complexity to the surgery. Performing the task would require enough of the doctor's skill, but mix emotion into the equation, and the work, mentally as well as physically, is doubled. In the painting, Gross appears to be feeling a various assortment of emotions. He has paused his surgery and lecture, to deeply think about something. While he must keep his feelings in check, he also needs to by sincere for the sake of the patient’s mother and the students in the surgical amphitheatre. The head of the doctor is placed against a dark background, making it stand out. This creates a dividing layer of emotions. This â€Å"emotion layer† divides the onlookers, who have no real intentions other than to observe the lecture, from the actual participants involved in the surgery. The people in the foreground, whether fighting to get rid of them or choosing to let them to flow out, are dealing with some sort of feelings.

Enlightenment Values In Europe Essay

The focal point of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the reasons behind the opposition to enlightenment values in Europe between the mid-18th and mid 20th centuries and who identify the section of the society that objected to progress, science, reason, liberty, happiness, etc. It can well be stated that the main aspect of this enlightenment was chiefly based on openness to religion, racism and civil rights along with freedom of thought process. These are all highly acclaimed values of today but back in mid-18th and mid 20th centuries, which are stated as Modern society, there were enough opposition in this context and this opposition was mainly economical. The idea of Modern Society is more of a concept than actuality. For this reason it is essential to define Modern Society. There are several notions regarding the concept of modern Society but most acceptable is the period dating from 1800s. Therefore, it is obvious that the era after 1800 (specifically after Industrial revolution) could be termed as Modern. However, when conceptualized, it can be stated there are several distinguishing features. It can well be stated that the industrial revolution brought the concept of modernism into existence during the mid-18th century. The most distinctive features of Modern society could be enumerated as Universality, development of Political thought, advent of technology and science, different inventions, approach towards Arts, Specified Cultures, distinctive warfare and industry. There are several social and economic factors that make the Modern society different from the Pre Modern Society. These social and economic factors are development of concepts like secularization, decontextualization, totalitarianism, mechanization, democratization, centralization, hierarchical organization, individualism, linear progression, homogenization, diversification, , hybridization, unification, industrial society, reductionism, , universalism, subjectivism, alienation, rationalization, and bureaucracy making the Modern society a complex and intricate civilization. Another distinctive feature of Modern society from its Pre modern counterpart is that during the modern era the advent of capital as a means of power came into existence. Previously this place was occupied by land in general. Alongside the advent of capital one of the most interesting feature that came into existence was the high volume of goods movement at a given state of time. In the Pre modern Society this phenomenon was unimaginable and Modern society only made it possible with help of capital and industrialization. (Kar, 2006) Yet another interesting feature of the Modern society is the availability of information. This became more easily available due to development of roads and other transportation and similar communication systems that made information abundant. Formerly, the areas that were separated by geographical barriers were broken down after the Pre modern Society and thus people became more aware of things happening around them. However, it should be taken into account that one of the most distinguishable aspects of modern society is its attitude towards sexuality and marriage. Given the many problems that are associated with marriage, it is not so surprising that many young people in Modern societies- which, to a great extent, now values individual fulfillment over traditions – have become disillusioned with the institution of marriage. This has resulted in the surging of non-traditional social structures. This could be termed as an extended approach of freedom of sexuality that flourished in the latter stages as one of the aspect of the civil right movements. This was predominantly an economy related factor as the voting rights of women and human rights of colored population were fallout of payment equality and right of work. All these factors instigated a complete openness to a number of aspects that was not only seen as immoral during the earlier period but also deem as sacrilege. It is obvious a section of the society was not in favor of the changes that were going around. The problem with these traditionalists was more economical than anything else. The lack of devotion towards the concept of God certainly displease the church as lesser interest in religion resulted into lesser amount of revenue and lower power in the sociopolitical perspective. The medieval period had the church at the center of all political and social structure and it gained huge authority over every aspect of life. Industrialization and economic independence certainly constricted the power and jurisdiction of the aspects of church and religion and thus made the religious authorities extremely unhappy about the proceedings. It was no surprise that the church openly opposed the progression of the European society. It was during this time slavery was banned first in United Kingdom and then the abolition was practiced all over Europe. This also was subjected to protests from certain part of the society, particularly from the commercial agricultural product manufacturers. These were the chief population that supported slavery in the different colonies of the Asia, Africa and Latin America under the imperialist banners of countries like UK, Germany, Spain, Portugal and France. Abolition of slavery was a huge attack on their profit margin and no wonder they protested with social and political influence and sometimes with financial and brute forces. (Lamb, 2004) The concept of civil rights developed as a logical fallout of these aspects. People were becoming aware of their position in the society through better mode of education and communication systems. The general mass was able to see the misgivings of the upper classes towards the rest of the population and identified the problem parts of the system and thus started to look for solution. The next step was rights for further participation into political arena and manifestation of political rights. Labor unrest and labor movement became a regular feature of the 19th century Europe and particularly in UK. These were movements that influenced the economical stability of the patricians of the society and hardly any of them was willing to part with their profit margin with the labors without a fight. Thus opposition in this case too was evident. It could also be stated that all the development of the era started from the openness of the thought process. The ultimate result was the combined force of religion and patricians worked overtime to resist this improvement of human dignity but eventually failed. King, 2006) In conclusion it can well be said that the driving force of history is predominantly economy and it is the different aspects and approach towards economy that give rise to conflicts and revolutions. It was true during the time of the crusades and it certainly relevant to the reasons behind the opposition to enlightenment values in Europe between the mid-18th and mid 20th centuries and objection of certain parts of the society against the aspects of progress, science, reason, l iberty and happiness.

Counterinsurgency in Iraq

Since the start of the Iraq insurgency in 2003 before the ruling of a new supreme government within its borders, the armed resistance of Iraqi security forces, insurgents and militia bursted, as Iraqi rebels instigated an ‘asymmetric war’ with much foreign assistance coming from NGOs and countries like Iran. Instead of attacking only the coalition forces and the acting government, insurgents started to attack even the less significant supporters.This paper suggests that the counterinsurgency in Iraq had been presenting immense risks and destruction to all parties, but especially to the U. S. , which had something to do with demography, economy, and power. By evaluating the event using the three basic criteria, it shall be concluded why counterinsurgency in Iraq should be brought to a halt. As social chaos and economic constraints have not been treated very well, the act of counterinsurgency has only made matters worse, as it brings destruction even to the United States o f America. Main Body Criterion #1: demography-related ruin In terms of demography, counterinsurgency in Iraq had only made matters worse since 2003.In the Information Clearing House article written by Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz entitled ‘The Economics Costs of the Iraq War: An Appraisal Three Years after the Beginning of the Conflict’, it is said that there were approximately 2,000 American combatants who had died from March 2003 to January 2006, and about 16,000 American combatants who had been wounded during those same years (2006, p. 2). However, as of now, the number of deaths went up from 2,000 to 4,147 in totality (Casualties in Iraq, 2008); while the number of wounded went up from 16,000 in early 2006 to exactly 30,561 in totality as of now (Casualties in Iraq, 2008).As of early 2006, this number of deaths led to benefits and insurances that totals a staggering $100,000 death benefits and as much as $500,000 life insurances (Bilmes & Stiglitz, 2006, p. 2). These numbers project the conclusion that demography-related ruin of the United States in the Iraq War damages not just the lives but also the economy of the nation. It can be evaluated that, in terms of demography, destruction brought by the Iraq War projects staggering amount and, thus, a disparaging situation. Criterion #2: economy-related ruinSecondly, in terms of economy, counterinsurgency in Iraq had only made matters worse since 2003. In the newspaper article also written by Linda Bilmes and Joseph Stiglitz entitled ‘The Iraq War Will Cost Us $3 Trillion, and Much More’, it was said that failed war at this age costs $3 trillion and that the costs and damages of the Iraq War has surpassed the financial costs of the World War II (2008, p. B01). As it was written, â€Å"As we approach the fifth anniversary of the invasion, Iraq is not only the second longest war in U. S.history (after Vietnam), it is also the second most costly—surpassed only by World War II † (Bilmes & Stiglitz, 2008, p. B01). With a ‘conservative’ estimate of about $12 billion expenses per month (or $16 billion if the one in Afghanistan would be included), the Iraq War depletes America’s resources that should have been allotted to other expenses at this present age. These numbers project the conclusion that economy-related ruin of the United States in the Iraq War damages not just the economy but also the future of the nation.It can be evaluated that, in terms of economy, destruction brought by the Iraq War projects staggering amount and, thus, a similarly disparaging situation. Criterion #3: power-related ruin Lastly, in terms of power, counterinsurgency in Iraq had only made matters worse since 2003. Together with the demographic and economic ruin, national power is being depleted because of the fact that â€Å"population [is] one of the most important indicators of national power because of its importance for determining economic and mili tary power† (Yoshihara, 2008, p.2). According to Susan Yoshihara (2008), Hans Morgenthau has pointed out the eight means of power appear to be the following: (1) geography, (2) natural resources, (3) industrial capacity, (4) military preparedness, (5) population, (6) national character, (7) national morale, and (8) quality of government (p. 3). Therefore, because the Iraq War is destruction to both demography and economy, the third, fourth and fifth means of power that are industrial capacity, military preparedness, and population are also being negatively affected by the war.Destruction to these three means of power implies destruction of power. This projects that demography-related and economy-related ruin of the United States in the Iraq War means power-related ruin. Thus, it can be evaluated that, in terms of power, the Iraq War projects destructive elements that lead to a similarly disparaging situation. Conclusion From the stated paragraphs, it appears that the counterin surgency in Iraq had been presenting immense risks and destruction to all parties, even to the American population.In relation to the three criteria that is demography, economy, and power, we can evaluate that counterinsurgency in Iraq should be brought to a halt. The war had only succeeded in bringing the country more than 4,000 deaths, more than 30,000 wounded, about $3 trillion worth of financial costs, with depleting power and less economic resources. It only brought social chaos and economic constraints. We should bring it to an end. Counterinsurgency can be defined as â€Å"military and political activities undertaken by a government to defeat a rebellion or guerrilla movement† (Counterinsurgency, 2008).As the United States started to invade and occupy Iraq in 2003 (Pirnie & O’Connell, 2008, p. xiii), it is evident that counterinsurgency had been quite tough, as numerous armed groups were united with a common theme that â€Å"[t]he occupation of Iraq by foreign forces is bad† (Pirnie & O’Connell, 2008, p. xiii). Yet, the case appeared to be a lot worse than just plain revolt. References Bilmes, L. , & Stiglitz, J. E. (2006, January). The economic costs of the Iraq war: an appraisal three years after the beginning of the conflict.Information Clearing House. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from http://www. uncle-scam. com/Breaking/jan-06/ich-1-9. PDF. Bilmes, L. J. , & Stiglitz, J. E. (2008, March 9). The Iraq war will cost us $3 trillion, and much more. The Washington Post, p. B01. Casualties in Iraq. (2008). Retrieved August 27, 2008, from http://antiwar. com/casualties/. Counterinsurgency. (2008). In Encarta dictionary. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from MSN database: http://encarta. msn. com/dictionary_1861600753/counterinsurgency. html.Pirnie, B. , & O’Connell, E. (2008). Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003-2006). RAND Counterinsurgency Study, Vol. 2. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Yoshihara, S. (2008, March 29). American d emographic trends and the future of U. S. Military Power. Paper presented at the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Francisco. Retrieved August 26, 2008, from the All Academic Research database: http://www. allacademic. com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/0/6/3/pages250636/p250636-1. php.

Barn Burning by William Faulkner

The narrative â€Å"Barn burning† seems to be an imperative one as it very evidently illustrates the typical fight between the â€Å"privileged† and the â€Å"deprived† categories plus reveals how an underprivileged man suffers when the law is rooted in taking the well-off man's side.A further important idea of the story is that it looks at a truth-seeking issue that at what stage should an individual make a preference between what his blood relation(s) and / or kin deems and his personal morals or at what occasion should a youngster depart his parents home and limitations and quit, to make his own decisions?I suppose the reason that this fiction is important is because Faulkner inscribes it in such a manner that it fetches the booklover in and makes him/her empathize with Sarty and his honorable dilemma. The hero in this story is a child named Sarty Snopes, kid of Abner Snopes who is an arsonist. He is an unfortunate, forlorn, and bemused little boy who is at th e kindness of his arrogant father Abner.He is demoralized, immature and has a well-built sense of correct and incorrect. Sarty swears in aid of his father’s defense, and albeit he finds the fairness satisfying, he is indicting his father of the felonies he committed; Ab is Snopes opponent as well. Snopes has endured a very itinerant existence with panic and disgrace because of his father’s crimes.This contradicts with his outlook of justice, correct and incorrect. Snopes eventually comes to the decision and alienated himself from the control of another man and capitulated to his own (Loges, 1998). In appreciating that Snopes becomes a rebel icon to the reader. References Loges, M. L. (1998), Faulkner's Barn Burning, Journal Title: The Explicator, Vol. 57 No. 1, pp. 44-45.

Steel Making Methods

Steel Making Methods | Advantages| Disadvantages| Basic Oxygen Furnaces| * Very high production rates and low residual element * Does not burn fuel| * Good efficiency requires large amount of pig iron to continue production. * Requires costly filtering process due to high levels of pollutants produced. * High refurbishing costs. * High dependence on blast furnace/coking. | Electric Arc Furnaces| * Minimal emissions/pollution. * Filtering of scrap not necessary. * Easy temperature control. * Precise alloying. * Economical to use scrap metal. * Contamination free. * Simultaneous deep deoxidising and desulfurization actions. * Excessive electricity required. * Requires a steady supply of scrap metal * High transportation cost * Enclosures to reduce high sound levels * Dust collector  for furnace off-gas * Slag production * Cooling water demand * Heavy truck traffic for scrap, materials handling, and product| The first step in the process, is to make the steel itself. The most common m ethod of steel making, constituting for over 60% of worldwide production uses a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF). This process includes taking over 75% pig iron and reducing it to a low-carbon steel in an abundance of oxygen.The second type utilises Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs). This involves melting up to 100% recycled scrap and reforming it using the heat produced from electrical arcs between highly charged electrodes. Figure 2 (right & below): EAF Process Figure 2 (right & below): EAF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process Figure 1 (left): BOF Process From the table above it is clear to see that without an established, effective transport system that allows for large amounts of scrap metal to be processed, the Basic Oxygen Method has fewer disadvantages.However, as TATA Steel already has an efficient system in place, the most feasible method would be using Electric Arc Furnaces. Despite initial costs, using EAFs save on energy and raw materials, making it more environmental and cost frie ndly in the long run. ‘Whilst a typical integrated (ie. BOF-route) steel mill today costs about $1100 per tonne of installed capacity, a medium-size EAF-route mini-mill today costs under $300 per tonne in terms of the initial capital outlay. ‘1 Casting Methods The next stage in the process is to shape the steel and this is done by casting.Casting involves allowing molten metal to be poured into a mould to it can cool and solidify into a desired shape. The two most common methods of casting are Ingot Casting and Continuous Casting. The first of which is a traditional method that has largely been discontinued in mass production since the 1950s. It involves moulding the steel into bars (or ingots) before being reshaped and treated. Continuous casting however misses out the ingot stage and skips straight to having the metal in the form of slabs, billets or blooms for subsequent rolling in the finishing mills.Figure 4 (left): Continuous Casting Process Figure 4 (left): Contin uous Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Figure 3 (left): Ingot Casting Process Because Continuous Casting is basically an â€Å"evolved† version of Ingot Casting, there are now little or no advantages of Ingot Casting. Continuous Casting is more advantageous because: * Reduced overall costs * Improved quality  of steel due to less variability in chemical composition both along the thickness and along the length and surface has fewer defects. * Increased yield, since it is not necessary to crop the ends of continuously cast slabs. Reduced energy costs  because the slabs are sent directly to hot rolling and do not require pits for reheating. Also, the thicknesses of continuously cast slabs are half the thickness of ingot castings and thus require lower energy for hot rolling. * Less pollution/emissions. * More amenability over the dimensions. Because of all this, the clearly logical method to use for mass production is Continuous Casting because for some thing as mass produced as Automotive Gears, the initial investment spent on start up costs would be quickly made up.Case Hardening Methods Case hardening crucial for steel components that are subjected to severe or continuous impacts, high temperatures and high pressures. It is a heat treatment process that produces the required attributes of a hard, wear and fatigue resistant surface layer whilst maintaining a tough, durable core that allows for high stress situations. These properties are achieved by altering the chemical, metallurgical and physical properties of the components exterior without affecting its more ductile interior.For gears, case hardening is required to prevent pitting and deformation of the gears teeth under cyclic stresses. This method is preferred to through hardening, which is the uniform hardening of the entire component, as hardened metal is relatively less ductile and although strong, would not offer the same degree of toughness desired at its core. There a re several different case hardening techniques used in the manufacturing industry. The different methods determine which physical properties, (such as surface hardness, strength, ductility, case depth and wear resistance) the component gets.This can be done by altering temperatures, heat source, time period, and quench media. Carburising This is a diffusion-based process used on low-carbon or mild steels where a component is subjected to thermochemical phases. The component is packed in a carbon-rich environment at high temperatures, commonly between 870oC and 1010oC, for over a period of time until the carbon composition of the surface layer has chemically increased. At this stage the iron phase changes from ferrite to austenite, a state that is able to dissolve more carbon.The component is then quenched in water or a oil based solution, which is a rapid cooling process that produces a hard surface layer, where volume expansion on the surface is greater than the core thereby compre ssing the surface, locking the carbon atoms, transforming the iron phase to a martensitic state which ultimately improves its overall tensile and yield strength. This method requires the entire component to be heated and quenched, therefore protecting the component with a protective layer to case harden specific sections is necessary.There are two types of carburizing methods used in the manufacturing industries, namely atmosphere carburizing and vacuum carburising, the former being the more commonly used as it has the ability to produce high volume output and has lower capital equipment costs, while vacuum carburising offers a more uniform case depth which in turn reduces distortion as well as the ability to reach higher temperatures therefore reducing processing times. Induction Heating This is a process of passing an alternating current through a coil around the component to generate a magnetic field, where eddy currents are induced.This along with the resistivity of steel compon ents generates heat, austenitising the surface of the component. The depth to which case hardening occurs is determined by the frequency of the current, such that lower frequencies creates a deeper hardened material. This method allows for localised case hardening of the gear tooth with its core material still unaltered. The gear surface is then similarly quenched in water or an oil based solution, transforming it to a martensite.Single-shot hardening is where the entire component is heated in one procedure whilst progressive hardening involves the heating and quenching processes progressively. Induction heating is a relatively fast process that offers accurate heating at precise sections, minimising distortion as well as causes minimal changes to the geometry of the gear, as well as faster cooling rates that creates harder surface layers. Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 5 (left): Carburising Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process Figure 6 (right): Induction Heating Process The Strength of Automotive GearsThe simplest method of calculating the strength necessary of any gear is to consider the maximum load on the tip of a single gear tooth. The Lewis Equation can be used to calculate a relatively accurate minimum UTS needed from the steel tooth with non-complex dimensions. In the automotive industry, varieties of different steels are made specifically for different components in different vehicles. The steel grades used on conventional cars can generally withstand a minimum of 750MPa whereas motorsport and military vehicles are made with much more superior grades, some able to withstand up to 2050MPa.Hardenability Results Using SEP1664 The SEP1664 model can be used to find the hardness at a series of depths, following case hardening, for 11 different steel types. The Rockwell hardness (HRC) at a given depth is found using the following equation: HRC=a0+a1mC+a2mSi+a3mMn+a4mP+a5mS+a6mCr+a7mMo+a8mNi+a9mAl+a10mCu+a11mN+a12mB+a13mTi+a14mV a0 -14 are coefficients available in the SEP1664 tables and mX is the mass proportion of additive X. A spreadsheet was created which used a VBA macro to find steel compositions that met the hardenability criteria by trial and error.Several percentage masses for each additive within the range specified by the SEP1664 tables were tested. Solutions were sorted in order of increasing raw material cost. This macro was run for each of the 11 steel types. Three steel types were found to be too hard. Of the remaining eight, there was sufficient data to evaluate hardness at all the required depths for four. For the other four it was possible to infer from the hardness trend that steel could be produced which was suitable for all depth levels.The cheapest result was for the steel type specified as being approximately 1% chromium by mass (tables 1a and 1b from the SEP1664 model) at $161. 67 per tonne. For this alloy the hardness at 11mm depth was borderline acceptable. The additives making the gr eatness contribution to hardness were determined so they could be varied to give a greater margin for error. The importance of each additive at each depth could be found from the equation by multiplying the coefficient by the additive amount (i. e. evaluating the relevant anmX term) and calculating its percentage contribution to the total hardness.The three most important additives for each depth level and the relative importance of the different additives at 11mm depth are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Table 2: The Three Most Important Additives In Terms Of Contribution To HRC For Each Depth Importance| 1. 5| 3| 5| 7| 9| 11| 13| 15| 20| 25| 30| #1| C| C| C| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| Cr| #2| Mn| Cr| Cr| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| C| #3| N| Mn| N| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Mn| Table 3: Relative Additive Contributions To HRC At 11mm Depth C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| 40. 1%| 0. 7%| 13. 9%| 0. 0%| 0. %| 40. 6%| 0. 0%| 0. 1%| 4. 3%| 0. 2%| 0. 0%| Adjusting the appr opriate additives gave a greater margin for error for a small increase in cost ($2. 32 per tonne, total cost $163. 99 per tonne). The composition of this steel is shown in Table 3. A plot of HRC against depth is shown in Figure 1 along with the hardenability criteria, it can be seen that the hardness, which tends to decrease with depth following case hardening, is very unlikely to exceed the stipulated maximum hardness at the depths for which data is unavailable, no minimum hardness is stipulated for these depths.A Jominy test is recommended on a sample of this steel, once it has been manufactured, to ensure that the hardenability criteria are met. The amount of carbon, chromium and manganese must be controlled to within 3% of the given values, tight control is not necessary for other additives. Table 4: Chosen Steel Composition Additive| C| Si| Mn| P| S| Cr| Mo| Ni| Al| Cu| N| Amount| 0. 248%| 0. 02%| 0. 63%| 0. 004%| 0. 038%| 0. 947%| 0. 005%| 0. 010%| 0. 051%| 0. 017%| 0. 0148%| Figure 7: Hardenability Curve For Chosen Steel (Blue) And Cheapest Steel (Red), The Criteria Are Shown In Black