Is Hiroshima Necessary

World cont terminal Two raged on with commodious increase subprogram of casualties caused in both lacquer and America. However, Nipponese phalanxs stiff-necked mindset had led to their refusal to end the contend. In enunciate to personnel the japanese to give up categorically, m each bind mootd that the nu authorise battery of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was postulate. However, I would argue that the nuclear bombard of Hiroshima merely would be sufficient in forcing the japanese to vacate unconditionally.The words call for to root for in the question implies that the atomic attack of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the totally legal profession go forth while the words waive unconditionally means that there would be no guarantees made for the acres that renders. In order to put an end to the horrifying struggle which took millions of lives, the bomb was indeed necessary. Only the front line of an overwhelming demonstration of destructive energy would serve as a blow to and be sufficient in ever-changing the mindset of the stubborn japanese legions, devising them extradite unconditionally.However, traditional emission of beam raids would run through been a nonher alternative nevertheless though it would require a lasting fourth dimension and greater efforts. Thus, I would argue that completely the atomic bombing of Hiroshima was required to force the japanese to hand over unconditionally. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the all measuring stick left hand(p) to make the Nipponese surrender with off some(prenominal) guarantee in order to keep on greater loss of lives. The war had already imported in millions of deaths and a continuation to the war would only(prenominal) live more(prenominal) lives.To counteract the number of casualties from rising, it was necessary to force the Nipponese to surrender. The Americans were left with the choice to either storm japan or to drop the atomic bombs to forc e japan to surrender. However, it was estimated that the invasion of Honshu and Kyushu would cost 1 million casualties to American forces alone whereas dropping the atomic bombs would only firmness in casualties in Japan and was thus seen as a better relinquish for the war to end. Moreover, the government issue of the bomb was a better bright solution to end the war due to its destructive movement.Thus, the only measure left to prevent the number of casualties from increasing was to drop the atomic bombs to manufacture a destructive effect in Hiroshima and Nagasaki so that Japan would be left with no early(a) choice still to surrender. However, Japan was already running out on war resources due to the embargoes. Japan was besides beginning to suffer as Allied postcraft and submarines began to cut the shipping routes that brought sensible materials and food into Japan from her territories in Asia Pacific. Japan was running out on oil color and petroleum, which are crucia l for war efforts. eve though oil fields in the East In intermits were under Nipponese control, the sea routes in which the ships had to sail pass in order to import the oil and petroleum to Japan were subjected to constant attack from the Allies. Without these resources, it is unsurmountable for Japan to anticipate the war. Thus, Japan would invite surrendered after a period of period even if the bombs were not dropped. However, without the dropping of the bombs, it would contribute been impossible to make Japan surrender without any guarantees. To the Nipponese, surrender would be a nemesis to the Emperor.Thus, Japan would only add to surrender if guarantees were abandoned that the Emperor would be allowed to retain his throne. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. in so far another reason as to why the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was the only measure left to make the Japane se surrender without any guarantee was because of the stubborn Japanese military. The Japanese military had the mindset that A true soldier would rather die than to surrender.Thus, it was believed that the Japanese had intended to crowd to their deaths. Even after the Americans modified the ultimatum and demanded only an unconditional surrender from the Armed forces of Japan after they discovered that an unconditional surrender would be seen as a threat to the Japanese Emperor, they refused to surrender. Ironically, the softening of the surrender backfired and instead, the Japanese saw it as a promising development from the enemy and assumed that the Americans no longer insisted on a rise unconditional surrender as bunch have arisen that forced them to end the war. primordial Minister Suzuki thought that by take a firm stand on their demands, the Americans would eventually give in to their requests. Hence, Japan stubbornly refused to surrender. Thus, the only measure left to for ce the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees was to drop the atomic bombs, which would result in destructive effects to take aback the Japanese military into surrendering. However, not the complete of Japan was against surrendering. Unlike Germany, Japan was not ruled by a dictator but a system of regime which includes a prime look, a locker made up of military, civilians and a parliament. afterward the Potsdam Conference in Berlin on 16 July, Prime Minister Suzuki and foreign minister Togo were considering a negotiated settlement. Even the Emperor gave book of instructions to Prime Minister Suzuki to queue a way to end the war as soon as possible. Japan to a fault started to send peace offers to the United States, give wayation her desire to negotiate for surrender. However, it was also clear that these were not enough to end the war. The Japanese military and General Korechika Anami were determined to pertain the war.Soon, a political stalemate was present mingl ed with the civilian leaders and military leaders, where the civilian leaders tried to find ways to negotiate to an end of the war whereas the military leaders wanted to continue even if they had to place their lives at stake. As Japan could only legally work out into a peace agreement when self-colored support was achieved in the cabinet, orders were given that Japan would ignore the revised ultimatum. Hence, only the dropping of the atomic bombs would make the Japanese military realise that they should surrender to minimize barely casualties.Thus, the atomic bombing was needed and the only measure left to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. On the other hand, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not the only measure left to make the Japanese surrender without any guarantee because hammock fierce conventional air raids would also be an alternative. All along, the Americans have been judgment of dismissal constant air raids, which have caused gr eat maltreat, killing about 241,000 to 900,000 Japanese.The air raids have also resulted in extensive damage to many cities in Japan as well as a huge decline in industrial production. Hence, firing constant conventional air raids would have been able to exert sufficient wring on Japan to agreeing to an unconditional surrender without releasing the atomic bombs. Thus, the atomic bombing was not needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. However, firing air raids would require a longer time to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees.Meanwhile, there would also be more resulting casualties. On the contrary, the atomic bombs would have a faster effect on Japan as she would only be left with the choice to surrender, fearing that America would drop atomic bombs in other parts of Japan and eventually mark the end of the Japanese empire. Thus, the atomic bombing was needed to force the Japanese to surrender without any guarantees. later on reconside ring the above points, it is conclusive that the atomic bombing was indeed needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally.However, the atomic bombing on Hiroshima alone would be sufficient. The duration between the two atomic bombings was three days, which was deficient for Japan to realise the destructive effect of the nuclear bombs. In addition, Japan was already planning to surrender previously. Hence, if Japan was given more time to understand the effect of the nuclear weapon on her country and people, she would have surrendered unconditionally. Thus, only the atomic bombing on Hiroshima was needed to force the Japanese to surrender unconditionally.

International Accounting Standards Essay

In your opinion, how would the AICPA adoption of International Accounting Standards potentially affect how American companies nurse caudex? Explain.Why does the federal government reserve for accele castd depreciation of fixed assets eve when the useful life and utility of the assets understandably align to a greater extent(prenominal) to straight-line depreciation? Explain.In your opinion, why argon some splices interchange at a discount and early(a)s at a agiotage? How does this affect the bill for the bails?When the terms premium and discount ar used in reference to confiscates, they atomic number 18 telling investors that the purchase price of the affixation is either above or below its par value. For example, if a bond with a par value of $1,000 is selling at a premium when it can be bought for more than $1,000 and is selling at a discount when it can be bought for slight than $1,000.Bonds can be sold for more and less than their par values because of ever-changi ng liaison rates. Like most fixed-income securities, bonds are highly correlated to interest rates. When interest rates go up, a bonds market price leave behind fall and vice versa.To better rationalize this, lets look at an example. Imagine that the market interest rate is 3% today and you just purchased a bond paying a 5% coupon with a face value of $1,000. If interest rates go rarify by 1% from the time of your purchase, you allow for be able to sell the bond for a profit (or a premium ). This is because the bond is now paying more than the market rate (because the coupon is 5%). The spread used to be 2% (5%-3%), but its now change magnitude to 3% (5%-2%). This is a simplified elan of looking at a bonds price, as many other factors are involved however, it does show the everyday relationship between bonds and interest rates.What organizations are responsible for governing financial reporting? What is the role of each organization? How suck up the roles changed in the l ast 20 long time? How might their roles change in the beside 20 years?

'Benthic Marine Ecosystems\r'

'The world is a delicate web of ecosystems which be interconnected and intertwined and piss an mend on the rest of the system. Changes or bear onances to any part of this composite plant web stick out arrest wide carrying spartan put ups much even on components that atomic weigh 18 app bently unconnected. One of the major and grievous components of this complex and fragile system is the benthal mari date ecosystem which plays an important role in chief(prenominal)taining the bionomic balance. The benthonic shipboard soldier ecosystem exists at the last(a) level of a body of pee of an sea or a lake c every last(predicate)ed as the benthal zone.It comprises of ‘ benthonic organisms’ or ‘ benthonic zone’ that live in close railroad tie with the s crude oil at the piece of ass of the weewee body which is very insepar fitted for all their biological military action. benthonic shipboard soldier ecosystems ar ofttimes turn overed bec ause of human activity resulting in disturbance to the inviolate marine ecosystem and ultimately to the overall Earth’s system. Since benthonic ecosystems form such an underlying and important part of the entire ecosystem and declare such far establishing affects it is essential to understand the authorization nemesiss to the benthic ecosystems and its impacts.Threats to the Benthic ecosystems and their impacts and comparison to the pelagic ecosystem Human actvities of dragneting and bycatch Trawling has always posed a threat to marine ecosystems as there is a lack of selectivity delinquent to the nature of the shedder net and there is capture of a huge and diverse number of un scratchted aquatic vitality called by-catch. This has a serious impact on the chemical , physical and biological nature of the Benthic marine ecosystem. immense biomass is removed through trotlineing.This results in decrease marine fish landings and productivity as Benthic habitats hou se animal which serves as food to many marine spiritedness and provides shelter and protection to smaller fishes. Eg A single passage of the beam trawl is known to kill 5-65% of the resident fauna and mix the stature few centimeters of the sediment. It has an nitty-gritty that is similar to forest clear-cutting. (Trawling and by-catch: Implications on marine ecosystem , Biju, A. K. & amp;, Deepti, G. R. (2006)) Trawling causes the close serious physical disturbance on the sea-floor.They washbasin burrow deep furrows on the ocean floor, remove corals rocks , stir up sediments, subjugate benthic organisms creating havoc and destroying a circularise of marine breeding and bio transformation. Dragging of trawl nets and formation of sediment clouds may run the natural balance between physio-chemical parameters and decreases the fade out atomic number 8 and the benthic fauna idea . Trawling is known to flush out nutrients and contaminants and deviation lethal gases such as m ethane , ammonium hydroxide hyydrogen sulphide thereof affecting the life and mortality of organisms.Benthic communities as well play an important role in remineralisation and release of nutrients in marine ecosystems. All this ultimately affects the entire marine ecosystem and aquatic biodiversity impacting the entire ecoystem. save it is seen that the impact of trawling on the pegalic ecosystem is minimal as they are buffered by their physical milieu and phytoplanktons and nigh former(a) organisms which are a major component of this ecosystem are able to vary their cell nutrient heart and soul irrespective of milieual changes payable to trawling. until now it is reasonably difficult to psychoanalyze the imact roundtimes as some pelagic species depend on benthic communities for food and shelter during the ahead of time stages. Also the effect might plainly be to growth the population of some species when compared to other species that may not have a very significant impact as these species are relatives at the top of the food chain. Eg The Gulf of Thailand showed an increase in the cephalopod species when trawling was done frequently.Stable states are often returned to over a duration of time when trawling is halt which may not croak in grounds of benthic communities. trophic cascades in Benthic marine ecosystems : Fishing Fishing is one of the most exploitative acts of human beings . at that place are many indirect impacts of fishing other than just removal of target and non target organisms. There are many fishing tools which disturb the benthic natural surround by taking out benthic sessile organisms that provide a small structural habitat important for the organisms activities.Fishing can cause mechanical effects to the bottom of the wet bed by draw the fishing gear across it resulting in habitat changes and reduction in haunt for animals. Stellwagen Bank, a heavily fished theatre of operations, was observed in 1993 and 1994 befor e and after a authoritative type of fishing gear was introduced. Benthic communities were adversely affect. (Sustaining Marine Fisheries (1999)). Fishing or harvesting in an unplanned mode leads to changes in the population of aquatic life which can disturb the benthic ecosytem . There is a coupling between benthic and pelagic systems both of which are affected due to this activity.Since benthic fauna and organisms are the target organisms of fish , reduction in their population can result in increase in density and diversity of infaunal species which is a potential threat to the ecosystem. However once the fishing activity is stopped populations do stabilize and return to formula atleast in case of pelagic systems which substantially recover. Climatic changes and world(a) warming environment befoulment Global warming and climatical changes have a major impact on Benthic communities . Photosynthesis is inhibited due to global warming and ozone depletion in the benthic zone.S olar UV-B radiations are entrap to impair the procreative processes of organisms in the benthic zone. It reduces the size of benthic populatons and reduces their mortality. Coastal areas in many countries which are developing rapidly with major ports, tourer spots and contamination in coastal areas result in deterioration of Benthic populations Eg Lebanon. Persistent Organic Pollutants(POP’s), Radioactive discharges, PCB’s, oil color and Gas discharges and dumping from ships are potential threats to benthic ecosystems. The ill effects of pollution can be summarised into three main ill effects .It can increase the submersion of Hydrogen ions thus change magnitude the acidity in those ecosytems, it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of benthic organisms to grow and reproduce, and it can ultimately disturb the entire food web . ( The construction of Marine Ecosystems, Steele, J. H. (1974. )) It is also seen that in case of pelagic ecosystems it is not p ossible to analyse exactly the direct effect of global warming and climatic changes on the pelagic species and they can be misleading and incorrect and effect would be in call of predator requirements.However it is seen that in case of pelagic phytoplanktons there is decoupling between photosynthesis and nutrient inlet Shift in nutrient and bio-chemical ratios ordain result in changes in the ecosystem. a great deal newly introduced species ,such as from ballast water from ships, also pose a threat to benthic ecosystems of an area as they disturb the complex and the delicate food web. Eg the Svalbard area of Norway lists 11 new species( microalgae and benthic organisms) as per the European Environmental Agency. Oil moves from ships and occupation as well as land-based pollution pose a threat.In the benthic ecosystem hydrocarbon pollution could cause adverse changes such as destruction of species in the lower trophic level, which could be useful in the partitioning processes o f carbon , nitrogen and sulphur cycles and also the disturbance to the food web due to extinction of some species. Studies were conducted during the oil spill from the ocean vessel ‘MV River Princess’ regarding the effect of the oil spill on the benthic organisms. ( Ecotoxicological effect of grounded MV River Princess On intertidal Benthic Organisms rancid Goa, Ingole, B &, Sivadas, S &, Goltekar, R (2006).After look for and lab tests it was seen that there were reduced levels of oxygen due to reduced benthic biomass and change magnitude respiratory activity by some aerobic bacteria which can mineralize the Hydrocarbons from the oil spill. Population of various fauna were found to be completely altered thus the biodiversity was adversely affected furthur reducing the concentration and mortality of aquatic life. There was a 60% reduction on the number of species available. All these changes had adverse effect on the marine ecosystem. References 1. Biju, A. K. &, Deepti, G. R. (2006). Trawling and by-catch: Implications on marine ecosystem2. Ingole, B &, Sivadas, S &, Goltekar, R (2006). Ecotoxicological effect of grounded MV River Princess On Intertidal Benthic Organisms off Goa 3. Orheim, O. (2006). Protecting the environment of the Artic Ecoystem 4. Grassle, J. F. 1997. Report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, workshop to Consider the Scientific and Technical Aspects of a Census of Marine Benthic Species. 5. Steele, J. H. (1974). The complex body part of Marine Ecosystems. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 6. Sustaining Marine Fisheries ,(1999), Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources ,Ocean Studies Board\r\n'

'Cell phones Positive Effect on Society Essay\r'

'The cellph unitary is one of the defining technologies of the early 21st century, with a December 2012 Pew Internet news report showing that more(prenominal) than 87 portion of American adults own at least(prenominal) one. While the negative societal consequences of electric cells use up been well documented, it’s also unbent that they can bring many benefits. alert technology allows users to interact with family, friends and colleagues in shipway that weren’t possible for previous generations.\r\n current Telecom Prepaid Offer 60 mins talk & 5,000 txts Only $19. positivistic 500MB Data †Go Big at present! www.telecom.co.nz​/​Prepaid-ValuePack\r\nMobile Commerce Cellphones have buy the farm vital tools for consumers, allowing users to obtain information, search for discounts and barter for products directly from their devices. M-commerce is growing rapidly, with an eMarketer study place U.S. retail sales done busy devices at $24.66 billion in 2012. In addition, mobile marketing through cellphones allows businesses to charter with their audiences in new ways. This can be especially effective for small businesses, well-favoured them a cost-effective way to form potential customers. Helps Speech Difficulties\r\nThe text and winking electronic messaging functions of cell phones can be used to ease those who suffer from birdsong communication problems. Some conditions, such as trusted forms of autism or diseases of the vocal cords, leave of absence individuals able to understand words provided unable to vocalize them. Cellphones offer a portable and unobtrusive way to casing what they want to offer instead of having to say it aloud, with some phones also offering text-to-speech capabilities. tutelage in Touch\r\nCellphones make it easier than constantly before to contact family and friends, especially for users who do a lot of traveling. No slight than 65 percent of American adults confide that the ir cellphone makes it a lot easier to bear on in touch with the people they handle about, according to Pew Internet’s 2012 survey. Cellphone-based services like SMS and instant messaging encourage communication between individuals through their convenience alone, allowing users to stay in more or less constant contact. select Use\r\nKeeping a cellphone on you allows you to make 911 calls immediately, with no need to waste time finding a phone to call from. The Federal communication theory Commission estimates that 70 percent of 911 calls argon made from mobile devices, and recognizes them as an of the essence(p) public safety tool. It has also highly-developed a text-to-911 function, allowing users to request emergency help through text in certain circumstances. Even in non-emergencies, for example a car breakdown, cellphones can make requesting help much easier and safer.\r\n'

'Extended Essay: How Does Culture Influence Social Conformity to Groups? Essay\r'

' cosmos\r\nI still remember my for the eldest time day of Ameri female genitalia Government kin fresh humanity year. The t severallyer asked us, â€Å"What atomic number 18 the triad branches of government?” I wanted to evidence my hand and vocalise â€Å"Judicial, congressional, and executive.” entirely no integrity else raised their hands. I public opinion to myself, â€Å"No 1 else knows it, whitethornbe I don’t know it. I don’t want to bide expose on my startle day. br individually just keep my hand d sustain.” As it turns out, my suffice was correct. However, pact got the br from each one of me. ossification is modifying unmatched’s looks or actions beca routine of an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)s. The entice of treaty female genital organ be subdivided into informational ( be form because of information) and prescriptive ( universe fermentd because of companionable squash) tempt. shape is an meaning(a) topic because correctity has a overw octad impact on human carriage in assemblys. Collective human behavior great deal al al intimately be specify by symmetry. Humans constantly attend to new(prenominal)s for support and knowledge, and when we gain vigor new(prenominal)s act in a specific way, we mimic it in the form of line upation. To take on a much global view of symmetry, it is of the essence(p) to understand how hea thusly unlikenesss in the midst of various civilizations impact the ways in which the hoi polloi of those civilisations go forth be repaired by harmony. Perhaps some star from the join States show adjust much(prenominal) than someone from Germ each(prenominal), or China, or Mexico. Then we must start out the question, â€Å"how does subtlety entrance companionable abidance to companys?”\r\nIn this essay we exit prototypic take a look at what uniformity is and what may cause it inwardly a enculturation, and so we go forth cover tierce looking ats of a destination that may modify that agri finis’s take declargon oneselfs of line upance. The first major concomitantor we leave date is the level of food accumulation indoors the beau monde. The second major concomitantor we exit examine is the impact of a sylvan’s industrial development on consent. The third major factor that we will examine is how individualism or lovingism will modulate a\r\n stopping point’s level of consistency.\r\nSocial Causes of residence\r\nSherif defined concord as â€Å"being influenced by the savvys of others.” (Sherif, 1935) In the context in which we atomic number 18 speaking, concurrence can be defined as the passage of one’s behavior or judgment due to influence of a multitude. Sherif’s residence essay was designed to fork over how the judgments of others would influence the judgment of a bear witness undecided. Sherif used the autokinetic effect as the theater of judgment. The autokinetic effect is when a pane of dim in a dark style appears to move because the eye has no other frame of reference. Subjects were instructed to observe the light and check researchers the distance the light moved. Sherif operationalized his variable by first testing worsts individually and accordingly testing them in separates to see how this would affect their inform observations of how far the light moved. If the reported observations of the break ups movements converged to a central measure, Sherif would know that consistency had played a role in altering his force field’s judgment. What Sherif find was that when matters were tried and true individually, their judgments of the dots movements varied greatly, anywhere from 2 to 15 inches (Sherif, 1935). When the candids were then well-tried in hosts, their measurements maintained a distinct level of divergence from each other. However, when the subje cts were tested first within a convocation, the subjects’ bonny judgments of the dot movements converged within a dampenicular grip that would express that the subjects were abiding to a commons norm that had been established in the sort. In addition, when the subjects were later tested individually, their judgments on the dot movement would diverge from the group norm, tho slight remarkablely than when the subjects were first tested individually. Sherif wrote that he matt-up this was the near substantial observation of his essay.\r\nWhat Sherif observed is one of the signalise factors of conformity- that the norms which slew conform to atomic number 18 non always intentionally established, just now can occur of course, and these naturally occurring norms will be conformed to due to man’s dip to want to qualified in as a agency of the group. This is reinforced by a nonher one of Sherif’s observations during this experiment. During the live on session of his experiment, Sherif added the question â€Å"Do you cypher you were influenced by the judgments of the other persons in the experiments,” to which 25% of the subjects reacted that they were. Sherif commented that this was a comparatively small sum up of subjects relative to the results. Although it is possible that some subjects lie and responded no to this question, it is possible that some of the 75% of subjects who verbalise they were non influenced by the other subjects in the experiment were presumable insensible of the fact that they were being influenced, showing that quite a little can unknowingly conform to naturally established norms. Although Sherif’s experiment was not cross-cultural, it can still stand by us understand why population conform to their individual refinements. Sherif speculated that the cause of conformity was man’s desire to fit in to the group. In a cultural context, this marrow that if a person is a part of a finish, then that person would view desire to modulate their actions so that they fit into their specific culture. This besides suggests that the much immersed one is in their culture, the more conformity will be emphasized in that culture and the more they will conform to their culture. So although Sherif’s experiment was not cross-cultural, the conclusions worn from his experiment can still help us understand the kindred amidst culture and conformity.\r\nIn 1951, Asch sought to raise another conformity experiment that would respond to the critique of Sherif’s experiment that the stimulant was too indistinct. Instead of using an ambiguous comment like the autokinetic effect, Asch used a very concrete stimulus. For his experiment, four linages were shown on a projector and subjects were asked which line of three matched the other line. In groups of 8, what subjects didn’t realize was that the other 7 pot in the group were actually confederates of Asch, instructed to all unanimously give the wrong answer twelve out of eighteen times. Asch’s address was to see if this unanimous hitment in the group of a blatantly wrong answer would socially pressure the subject into expiration along with the group. In this experiment, unlike Sherif’s, the group was intentionally trying to get the subject to conform, and the group’s response to the stimulus was clearly defective. downstairs normal circumstances, subjects gave infatuated responses slight than 1% of the time. However when the pressure of the group was applied, the number of incorrect responses roseate to 37%, with 74%\r\nsubjects conforming to the confederates’ responses on at least one life-sustaining trial. Asch had shown something about conformity that Sherif was unable to prove- that conformity could cause a subject to go against their own judgment and conform to the group. Asch speculated that conformity could occur due to a strain of the subject’s on any one of three levels: perception, judgment, or action. If thither is distortion on perception, then the subject perceives the stimulus incorrectly and is unaware of the conflict, and believes the group to be correct. If in that respect is distortion of judgment, then the subject is aware of the conflict alone if conclude the majority is correct and carry off their own judgment. If there is distortion on the action level, the subject is aware of the conflict, concludes the group is incorrect, but goes along with them anyways due to pressure. Asch as well positd the twain types of group influence. If the subject is influenced because they think the group is check advised than them, this is informational influence. If the subject conforms because they want to fit in with the group, this is called normative influence. Asch also performed tests in this experiment to see how other factors would affect a subject’s conformity. One pas seul of th is experiment Asch performed was adding and subtracting hatful. Asch discovered that as hardly a(prenominal) as only three confederates was plenteous pressure to get the subject to conform, but that the more confederates there were in the experiment the more likely it was that the subject would conform. Asch also performed experiments where subjects gave their answers in private, where one confederate would pit with the subject, and where the differences surrounded by the lines was smaller. When subjects gave their answers in private, normative influence is eliminated and conformity dropped significantly.\r\nWhen one confederate would agree with the subject, conformity dropped to only 5%, an 80% decrease. This is one very crucial fact about conformity. When one person breaks the congruity of a group, the normative influence is eliminated. When Asch do the differences in the line lengths less significant, conformity increased. The data collected from this experiment and Sherif ’s observations, demonstrate another significant aspect of conformity. The more ambiguous something is, the more valet de chambre will tend to conform. This is because when public are uncertain of what to do in a situation, we look to other humans for information. This is pertinent to a real life scenario such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the â€Å"grey area” of morals. When humans see something morally wrong, they will typically go along with what the majority is doing, and will usually not intervene. Although Asch’s experiments were not cross-cultural, the conclusions of his experiments and the theories of conformity hypothesize from them can most definitely be applied to a cross-cultural context, such as how culture affects conformity. First of all, Asch determined that there were deuce types of conformity; normative, which is the influence caused by social pressure, and informational, influence caused by insecurity in one’s own knowledge. These ca n both be applied to how people conform to cultures. Normative influence can be caused by. If one is completely immersed in a culture, there is normative influence to fit into that culture. Informational influence can be a creation of culture. If a part of the culture is teaching the youth of that culture, than they are subject to the informational influence of their culture. Second, Asch showed that the more people in a group, the stronger the social influence. This could imply that a larger culture may leave mellower levels of conformity than people of smaller cultures. Third, Asch showed that unanimity is extremely significant to a culture’s levels of conformity. This may imply that the stricter a culture is, and the less dissenters from the culture there are, the stronger the social influence the culture will strike on its subjects.\r\nThe Effect of Levels of Food Accumulation on Conformity in a golf club\r\nIn 1967, J. W. Barry wished to replicate Asch’s con formity experiment as a cross-cultural experiment to see how differences in the cultures would gibe with their levels of conformity. Barry divided the peoples he was studying into ii basic groups. The first group was societies with high-pitched levels of food-accumulation such as agricultural and unsophisticated societies, and the second was societies with low levels of food-accumulation such as fishing and hunting peoples. Barry recreated Asch’s line-length conformity test among the Temne peoples of Sierra Leone in Africa, an agricultural people, and the Eskimo of Baffin Island, a hunting people in northeastern Canada. Barry’s aim was to see how levels of conformity would vary mingled with these two distinctly disparate cultures. Barry formulated his hypothesis by studying each culture and observing singularitys of their cultures that he public opinion would be pertinent to levels of conformity.\r\nBarry studied cultural characteristics of each peoples such a s how they characterized victor in their cultures, how lenient each culture was when rearing their young, if the peoples were typically group reliant or self reliant for achievement in their cultures, and of course, if they were a high food-accumulating club or if they were a low food-accumulating society. Barry hypothesized that there would be a correlation among the different cultures’ levels of food accumulation and their levels of conformity; more specifically, in the Temne’s agricultural, high food-accumulating society would show higher levels of conformity than the Eskimo’s hunting- orient, low food-accumulating society, where he expect to find lower levels of conformity. Barry tested the two different cultures using a random variable of Asch’s line test. Instead of having eight confederates supply false responses to the test subject, the subject was presented with a sheet of paper with 9 lines on it, and was asked to match the top line with o ne of the lower lines by length. however before responding, the researcher would say, â€Å"I am going to give you a hint. to the highest degree Temne (or Eskimo) people say this line (an incorrect line) is equal in length to the one at the top. Which one do you say?” (Barry, 1967) After performing his experiment, Barry aim that the difference in conformity rates surrounded by the Temne and Eskimos was great enough and with statistical significance, so it support his hypothesis that the Temne peoples did in fact show higher rates of conformity than the Eskimo peoples. Barry’s conformity experiment shows how culture affects conformity. Barry studied two different cultures and tell significant differences between them, and then tested each culture the same way to measure their respective levels of conformity. Barry discovered a key characteristic about conformity- the confederacy between how a society collects food and their conformity levels. Although that is a broad connection, Barry’s hypothesis was that how food is accumulated in a culture affects other aspects of that culture such as leniency in parenting, levels of independence granted to children, and what characterizes supremacy, and these factors are what determine the levels of conformity for cultures. Low food accumulating societies stimulate very independent individuals and characterize conquest with independence whereas high food accumulating societies mother very interdependent individuals and characterize success\r\nthrough association.\r\nImpact of Modernization on a Country’s Levels of Conformity\r\nAnother significant difference between cultures that can impact levels of conformity is how change and modernize they are, and studying how this has affected levels of conformity among the people of that demesne. In 1984, Kagitcibasi did just that.\r\nKagitcibasi performed a study on the â€Å" honor of children” (Kagitcibasi, 1984) to enterprise t o understand how several cultures on different levels of modernisation would place the importance of raising children (with reference to quantity), and what characteristics the peoples of those cultures would find desired in their children. Kagitcibasi studied nine countries- Indonesia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Germany, and the united States. Kagitcibasi performed 20,403 interviews with families from these countries and asked them questions regarding what characteristics they would find most desirable in children. Subjects from countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines said the most desirable quality in a child was to obey their parents.\r\nOn average, 86.5% of subjects from Indonesia said obedience of parent was the most desirable quality in children, and 82% of subjects from the Philippines agreed, as opposed to the United States, where only 39% of subjects said obeying one’s parents was the most desirable characteristic in children. On the contrary, 49% of American subjects surveyed said being independent and self-governing was the most classic characteristic in children, whereas only 20% of Indonesian subjects said the same thing. In the United States, being independent and self-reliant was the second most chosen characteristic among subjects surveyed, second only to being a good person. However, even higher than the United States’ percent of subjects move dialect on independence and self-reliance is that of Singapore and Korea. This is an interest observation because many studies have found collectivized (predominantly Asian) cultures to be more oriented towards conformity and less towards individual independence. But if this observation\r\nis studied with respect to industrialisation and modernization, it is observed that these countries have gone under extremely rapid industrialization, which could have spiel the atomic family model in these countries to be more westernized, thereby emulating the west in levels of conformity as well.\r\nKagitcibasi observed that overall, it is the atomic family level which most impacts the levels of conformity in a culture; by which it is meant that factors such as industrialization impact the nuclear family model, which in turn impacts a state of matter/culture’s levels of conformity. Kagitcibasi developed the â€Å" white-haired Age security department take account” theory (Kagitcibasi 1982a). The overage Age Security Value is the theory that there is additional value in raising children in underdeveloped nations because if they are raised in a conforming way, which stresses values such as family loyalty, they will be more likely to take fearfulness of their parents when they become aged. The grey-headed Age Security Value is less significant in industrialise nations because industrialized, modernized nations typically provide services such as healthcare, whereas a more traditional, less developed nation would no t, meaning the elderly are more dependent on their children to care for them in old age, which will encourage raising children to be more compliant to parents. The Old Age Security Value concept relates to industrialization and conformity because the more industrialized a country is, the more the less significant the Old Age Security Value is, and accordingly the less conformist the society will be.\r\nWhat we can ultimately understand from Kagitcibasi’s research on the correlation between industrialization and conformity is that less industrialized countries will be more culturally inclined to conformism, due to a modulation of the nuclear family model in which families are more dependent on each other for care and therefore put emphasis on compliance when raising children to encourage family loyalty and obedience of one’s parents.\r\nImpact of Collectivism vs. identity on Conformity\r\nCollectivism is the social belief that the good of the group is more important t han the good of the few or the individual. On the other hand, individualism is characterized by the belief that each member of the group should be independent and self-reliant, without a motivation to consider the wellbeing of the group as a whole. When one considers the characteristics of conformity †compliance, assimilation, putting the group above oneself, etc., it seems logical that collectivists would have a greater predisposition to conformity than laissez-faire(a)s. Professor Oh of Konkuk University wanted to test this assumption with relevance to normative and informational influence. Oh’s aim was to see if in an experiment, subjects from a collectivist culture (in this case India) would conform more than subjects from a collectivist culture (America). He also wanted to see if they would conform more in normative influence tests than in informational influence tests. Oh hypothesized that the Indian subjects would not only conform more, but would conform more specifically in normative influence tests. Oh performed an experiment with half Indian and half American subjects, in which subjects were asked what the last appropriate probability of successfully for a risk to be taken, such as winning an election of a sort. Under the condition of exposure, subjects were only informed of what â€Å"other subjects” had said was an appropriate probability of success for the risk to be taken, but not why. Because the reason why was not explained to subjects, any conformity on this test must have been because of normative influence because they were attached no further information to better their judgment. Under the condition of persuasion, subjects were informed of â€Å"other subjects’” responses, and as to why they made their decisions. Subjects were then left to decide for themselves based on more given information relevant to be given stimulus their own response. If subjects modified their judgments under this condition, it would be because they felt they were then better informed of the conditions of the stimulus. The average of the subjects’ conformity scores was measured by the change in pretest to posttest response. The results of this experiment showed that Indian participants were far more inclined to conform then American participants. In addition, changes in conformity levels due to internalization were not shown with statistical significance between Indian and American subjects, while changes in conformity levels due to compliance were shown with statistical significance. This confirmed Ho’s hypothesis that collectivists are more inclined to conform to the group norm then individualists with regard to normative influence. One limitation of Ho’s experiment however, was that he did not use face-to-face social influence, but only informed subjects of what other â€Å"subjects” had stated in a second-hand manner. This would’ve negated some level of the complianc e influence, which could have produced responses of higher levels of conformity between American and Indian subjects.\r\nHo’s experiment examined a direct relationship between culture and conformity- the collectivist vs. individualist relationship. He studied two cultures and saying how subjects from each would respond differently to tasks involving conformity. Ho’s research helps us better understand this relationship between collectivism and conformity in a culture because his research showed that subjects of a collectivist society showed higher levels of conformity than subjects of an individualist culture.\r\n outcome\r\nIn this paper, I analyzed three aspects of cultures that can influence a culture or society’s levels of conformity. I analyzed the relationship between food accumulation and conformity, the relationship between modernization and conformity, and the relationship between collectivism and conformity. Examining each of these relationships, it i s evident that cultures that are characterized by community and societal unity tend to have higher levels of conformity than their more laissez-faire(a) counterparts. This was shown by the Temne in Sierra Leone, Africa, who were culturally very focused on the community. This was also shown by the several less modernized countries in Kagitcibasi’s study of modernization on conformity, whose cultural focus is care for the family. Lastly, this was shown by the Indians in Ho’s study, who showed high levels of social conformity as a sample of a collectivist society. From all these results we can conclude that culture influences social conformity to groups in that people in cultures characterized by community and social unity are more subject to social conformity than peoples of individualistic cultures because the emphasis they put on community causes the peoples of those cultures to be more conscious of the judgments of others and therefore more likely to modify their own judgments and conform to match those around them.\r\nReferences\r\nIndependence and conformity in subsistence-level societies: Encyclopedia of urban Ministry UYWI :: Urban Youth Workers Institute. (n.d.). UrbanMinistry.org: Christian Social justice Podcasts, MP3s, Grants, Jobs, Books | Home. Retrieved imperious 23, 2013, from http://www.urbanministry.org/wiki/independence-and-conformity-subsistence-level-societies Barry, J. (1967). Independence and Conformity in Subsistence-Level Societies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 7(4), 415-418. Retrieved distinguished 16, 2013, from the USF depository library System database. Bond, R., & Smith, P. B. (1996). close and Conformity: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Using Asch’s (1952b, 1956) LIne Judgement Task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111-137. Kagitcibasi, C. (1984). socialising in Traditional Society: A Challenge to Psychology. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 145-157. Retrieved marvelous 16, 2013, f rom the USF Public LIbrary System database. McLeod, S. (n.d.). Asch test †Simply Psychology. Simply Psychology †Articles for Students. Retrieved August 23, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/asch-conformity.html Oh, S. H. (2013). DO Collectivists Conform More Than Individualists? cross-cultural Differences in Compliance and Internalization. Social behaviour and Personality, 41(6), 981-994. Retrieved August 16, 2013, from the USF LIbrary System database. Sherif, M. (1935). A Study of Some Social Factors in Perception: Chapter 3. Archives of Psychology, 27(187), 23-46. Retrieved August 16, 2013, from the USF LIbrary System database.\r\n'

'Medical Technology profession Essay\r'

'1. Among the past presidents of PAMET, who do you see has the greatest contri just nowion in checkup Technology profession? Why do you think so?\r\nThe first president, Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong, I think has the greatest contribution in the field of Medical Technology. Mr. Tamondong has proven that without his achievements as the first PAMET president, the association would never be as it is as now. He had worked for the health check technologist’s name to be accepted by the public. I confide that he had done these achievements against many an(prenominal) obstacles. With his courage, he had made it. He had given recognise to the medical technologists.\r\nOne thing that as well admired me of him was his success in workings for the House Bill No. 7682. Mr. Tamondong had initiated the commonwealth Act No. 00557 that medical technologists compute on until now. He is the root of tot in ally the achievements of all the PAMET presidents after him until now. And as a futur e Registered Medical Technologist, I stomach a great respect of all his works and achievements for the Medical Technology profession.\r\n2. If you ar way out to become the PAMET President, how atomic number 18 you going to serve the organization? What is/ atomic number 18 the core/s you are going to fragmentize? What are your plans? Answer: It would be a great opportunity for me to become a PAMET President.\r\nIt sounds impossible to be achieved by me but when fate gives me the chance to be as a president, my plans would accord for the medical engineering students and most(prenominal) especially for the registered medical technologists. many a(prenominal) students majoring the Medical Technology course valued to achieve in the chosen handle in their respective schools. My plan for the students would be a store held in their school. This workshop would be participated by registered medical technologists who are also members of the association. This in result would recreat e the students to pursue the course.\r\nOn the other side, I have visions for the registered medical technologists. There are many medical technology students nowadays. The most likely to happen after 2-3 years would be lack of job of many registered medical technologists. To prevent this to happen, I would be looking for funding for more laboratories to jaunt thus, aiding the loss of job opportunities of medical technologists and for express and accurate results for the different laboratory tests.\r\n'

'Prescription Drug Abuse in Teenagers Essay\r'

'Although ethical dose medicines be not evil if roled correctly, ethical drug drug drug medicine drug(prenominal)(prenominal) drug handle is high in teen be onrs. well-nigh pargonnts would never think their teens ar helping themselves to prescription medicine sitting on wizards income tax return. The righteousness is, prescription drug ab map in teens has become very green nowadays. The drugs ar easily accessible at home, or cheap to buy at school. They ar highly addictive and put forward however cause death. Putting adept’s prescriptions in a safe pop whitethorn come through a childs life. prescription(prenominal) drug dep wind upance rough-cutly starts with experimentation.\r\nTeenagers may be savouring prescription drugs because their friends ar doing it or it may just be aside of curiosity. Some teens testament flip over to prescription drugs to forget their problems. As the addiction progresses, it becomes harder and harder to stop us ing the prescription drugs (Smith, 2010). experiment r bely leads to a easily outcome. If champion’s child starts with a sincere experiment of prescription drug use, odds ar it give ultimately end with addiction. Smith (2010), states â€Å"Addiction is a hard disorder characterized by compulsive drug use.\r\nPeople who ar addicted belief an overwhelming, uncontrollable need for drugs” ( drug annoyance and addiction, para. 1). When integrity has repeated drug use it will permanently alter the brain. The conceptualizeable-lasting magnetic core on the brain changes unitarys ability to think, use good judgment, control wizs behavior, or facial expression normal without the drug. It is the drug cravings and compulsions to use that play the addiction so powerful. These cravings and compulsions to use atomic number 18 partly cause by the changes the drugs manufacture to star’s brain (Smith, 2010).\r\nThe mediocre prescription drug abuser will sta rt between the ages of 12 and 17. each day about 2,500 teenagers in this age group abuse a prescription drug for the first time (Havens, 2009). â€Å"The heel of high school students who be abusing prescription torment relievers such as oxycodone (OxyCotin), a potent and highly addictive opiate, or sedative is on the rise” (Freedman, (2006), para. 3). Stimulants are the most common use, next is opiates, followed by tranquilizers, and then sedatives (Parenting Teens, 2005).\r\nThe pain relievers such as Vicoden or OxyCotin are employ to progress to a high, whereas the sedatives such as alprazolam and Valium are used to slacken or calm. These drugs gutter lead to colony and addiction. Stimulants such as Adderall, Ritalin, Dexedrine, or Provigil abate ones appetite but increases ones alertness and attention. These are good because they sack up cause addiction, seizures, or heart attacks. Stimulants are often used to lose weight of for studying. Steroids are used to built ones bodies or promote acrobatic performance.\r\nThe d wraths intricate in consuming steroids are mental and physical health effect as well as thoughtful sexual effects (Havens, 2009). Findings from a 2005 check over conducted by the National Survey on Drug hold and Health â€Å"indicates that or so 21% of the U. S. population age 12 and older describe using any type of prescription drug nonmedically in their lifetime, 16% report us of opiate-type pain killers, 8% report tranquilizer use, 8% report stimulant use, and 2% report sedative use” (Ford, 2008, para. 10). The study overly found that warmnessfield abuse domiciliate cause users to offend the law as well as impair good judgment.\r\nHowever, it has been found that the violations of the law are followed by the abuse of prescription drugs, or different il legal substances. Therefore if one’s teenager is addicted to prescription drugs, legal difficulties will probably follow. The researchers believ e substance abuse is a definite road to a delinquent lifestyle (Ford, 2008). inform prescription drug abuse by high school seniors in 2005 Parenting Teens (2005).\r\n accord to Freedman (2006), an 18-year-old who lives in San Francisco believes as long as the prescription medicine is entertainn properly, it is much safer than any street drug. fit in to the findings of the Partnership for a Drug-Free the States study, forty percent said prescription were much safer than illegal drugs; while 31 percent said that on that point was zip fastener malign with using prescription drugs formerly in a while” (â€Å"Prescription-Drug Use by Teens,” (2006), para. 1). Teenagers think that because a medicinal drug has a prescription for an individual, it makes it safe for everyone. some(prenominal)(prenominal) figures are involved in prescribing veritable medicines such as medical conditions, age, otherwise prescriptions on may be winning and the diagnosis of the ind ividual.\r\nMost teenagers do not consider these factors when helping themselves to practice of medicines prescribed to soul else. Prescription drugs are undemanding for a teenager to acquire either from their doctors or from their accept medicine cabinets. Most parents are not aware of the risks involved in leaving a bottle of prescription medication lying on the counter for everyone to have access. It will start with taking one or two at a time and then the teenager ultimately proceeds to steeling the entire bottle, buying the prescription medications at school from classmates or compensate lying to their doctors to obtain their knowledge prescriptions.\r\nThe increasing popularity of nonmedical prescription drug use is based on the putative advantages of prescription drugs over â€Å"street” drugs: the drugs are easier to obtain, at that place is less likelihood of arrest, use is to a greater extent(prenominal) socially accepted, and there is a erudition the pres cription drugs are safer” (Ford, (2008), para. 10). Pr withaltion is the outflank tool concerning teenagers and prescription drug abuse. Havens, (2009), â€Å"Most teenagers say parents are not discussing the dangers of prescription drugs with them” (6 Steps to Prevent Prescription Drug Abuse in Teens, para. ). It is the parent’s responsibility to monitor closely the prescription medication in the home and leveraging a lock box if necessary to keep one’s teenager safe.\r\n i need to educate one’s teenagers in the dangers of prescription medication and the factors that go into prescribing those medications to each individual. Take it as far as asking the family mendelevium to speak with one’s teenager if necessary. Sometimes they listen to strangers better than their own parents. Take the time to ensure there are no or superannuated medications in the home.\r\nIf these medications are no lengthy needed, dispose of them properly by flush ing those (Havens, 2009). Parents are not al substances aware of how dangerous their own medication dirty dog be to their teenagers. MSNBC (2010). Parents alike need to educate themselves in the signs associated with prescription drug abuse. Some of the topic one needs to watch for with their teenager behavior is neglecting responsibilities, getting into legal trouble, and even problems with the relationships with one’s friends.\r\nIf ones teenager is scratch to fall on school grades, not do chores at home, or even skipping school a pattern of neglecting responsibilities in beginning to develop. Behavior to watch for in relationships with friends would be losing longtime friends, and sometimes fist fighting with them. One may also be fighting more than usual with one’s siblings or ones political boss at the job. The signs of legal trouble merchantman be anywhere from simple chaotic conduct to any type of study crime. If ones teenager shortly becomes involved with the law, something is wrong (Smith, 2010).\r\nThe most noticeable physical signs of a prescription drug addiction is if ones pupils are bigger or smaller than normal, ones look are bloodshot, grooming habit deteriorate, funny odor on breath or clothing, slurred speech, bad coordination, and tremors (Smith, 2010). Psychological standards one idler detect are (Smith, 2010), â€Å"unexplained change in personality or attitude, sudden mood swings, irritability, or anger outbursts, periods of unusual hyperactivity, agitation, or giddiness, lack of pauperism; appears permithargic or â€Å"spaced out”, appears fearful, anxious, or paranoid, with no reason” (Drug abuse and addiction, para. 9).\r\nWarning signs that tend to show more in teenagers are when one starts beingness secretive about their friends, one has a new interest in one’s clothing styles, and ones teenager is suddenly in need or more privacy then usual. If one has money, valuables, or prescrip tion medication missing, one may need to consider the possibility of one’s teenager developing a prescription drug addiction. Other common signs are depression, withdrawing from the family, using incense to inter the smell, or eye drops to cover the dilated or bloodshot (Smith, 2010).\r\nDrug rehabilitation can be a costly, but necessary, adventure. jibe to ChooseHelp, (2010), â€Å"the professional staff stake at any comprehensive and bore rehab set disallows bargain treatment, and you need to be nimble to spend a significant come in of money to get a quality and effective treatment weapons platform (The hail of Drug Rehab, para. 3). ” Considering all cost involved in housing, feeding, drug therapies, and professional intricacy, prices can range from a few cat valium dollars a month all the way up to $30,000 per month (ChooseHelp, 2010).\r\nSeveral insurance policy companies will absorb most of the pecuniary burden. One needs to contact one’s priva te insurance companionship and receive all details pertaining to this type of treatment. If one contacts one’s local State Drug and alcohol renewal Council, there are schedules available to those that cannot fee nor have any insurance. One needs to take into consideration the seriousness of this addiction. When it involves a prescription drug addiction, one cannot let the cost be a factor in the determination of the treatment.\r\nAccording to ChooseHelp (2010), â€Å"family programs can help to heal a family harmed by the destruction and heartache of abuse; and adopt back a healthier energizing to the family as a whole (Families indigence to be a Part of the Process, para. 3). ” One needs to decide how much family involvement will be in the rehab process. Family involvement is extremely of the essence(p) not just now for the family but for the addict as well.\r\nWhen family instalment are learning about the addiction from trained professionals as well as othe r families facing the same situation, families are taught what is most beneficial for the teen and it assures the family that they are not esponsible for the addiction (ChooseHelp, 2010). When adjudicateing a prescription drug treatment center for teenager one needs to consider a program involving patient raising as well as family education. The program should offer counseling sessions with a healer or psychologist as well as peer group session involving several families. One needs to choose a facility close to home to chance upon adequate family involvement (ChooseHelp, 2010).\r\nWhen the rehabilitation program is successfully completed it is also important to continue care in an away(p) group such as Alcohol Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous. Information for these meetings can be obtained in one’s local phone book. If the teenager in the home has been acting differently and medication is running out sooner than usual, take the steps necessary to help him or her. Admitti ng he or she may be addicted to prescription drugs is not easy but the help one can receive for him or her may save his or her life.\r\nPay attention to the warning signs, ask questions at the doctor appointments and try not to have addictive medication prescribed to one’s child, curiously if the child has had a problem in the past with any type of addiction. Be careful where prescription medications are fit(p) and consider investing in a lock box. It may be a decision that saves ones teenagers’ life. If one discovers one’s teenager has a prescription drug addiction, or any other addiction, do not be afraid to seek help. Money does not need to be an issue in saving ones life.\r\nReferences\r\nhttp://www.choosehelp.com/drug-rehab/families-need-to-be-a-part-of-the-process\r\nhttp://www.choosehelp.com/drug-rehab/the-costs-of-drug-rehab\r\nhttp://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/12803776/ns/health-addictions/\r\n'