Social psychological principles of prejudice and attitudes

Social psychological principles of prepossession and attitudesMany state believe disadvantage and discrimination mean the kindred thing .In fact at that place is a very important difference in the midst of them. Prejudice is an attitude, whereas discrimination refers to the conduct or action. If nearlyone dislikes a given minority, besides does non allow in this dislike to effect their behaviour then the person shows disfavour but not discrimination. According to Baron and Byrne (1991) diagonal is an attitude towards the constituent of some gathering based solely on their membership in that convention. In contrast discrimination involves negative action enjoin at the member of the group. Allport (1954) argued that there argon five different stages of discrimination.Anti-location Verbal attacks ar directed a stimulatest some glacial group.Avoidance the new(prenominal) group is systematically avoided. secern workforcet the other group is seely treated slight well than other groups in term of civil rights.Physical attack Membership of the other group are attacked and their property is destroyed.Extermination there are deliberate attempts to kill all members of the other group.The word preconceived idea can be broken down in to pre (meaning before) and judice (meaning judgement). Therefore to be prejudice towards an one-on-one or group shows a pre-judge of that individual or group. There are three elements to prejudice.Cognitive element This involves the beliefs held ab extinct the group. These beliefs will be in the form of stereotyping, common but over simple views of what particular groups of battalion are like.The affective element This involves the feelings experienced in response to the group. If we are prejudiced against a group we may experience anger, fear, hate or disgust when we encounter a member of that group.The behavioural element This consists of our actions toward the tendency of our prejudice. Behaving differently toward s people based on their membership of a group is called discrimination. Our actions against members of a group against which we hold a prejudice can rang from scheme and verbal criticism to mass extermination.Psychological approach to explain prejudice falls in to devil broad areas. Social approach centres on the social factors that contribute to prejudice in general. Whereas individual differences approaches centres on what factors sack up some people more prone to prejudice.Tajel and Turner (1979) proposed the social personal identity theory. This theory is one of a group of theorys that parting the assumption that prejudice can be explained by our tendency to fall upon ourselves as part of a group and to classify other people as either within or forbiddenside that group. Tajfel and Turner carried out a number of laboratory experiment called the minimal groupTajfel (1970) carried out an experiment to look at intergroup discrimination. To test his theory sixty intravenous feeding schoolboys aged between 14 and 15 year old were selected. The participants were initially informed that the experiment was research investigating vision. The boys were shown clusters of dots on a back and asked to estimate the number of dots on the picture. The participants were then divided in to two groups group A and group B. Group A was classified as boys that had underestimated the amount of dots and group B was those boys who had overestimated the amount of dots. The boys were then given a number of tasks in which they would allocate points to individually other. Each boy did not know who they were allocating points to but they did know which group the boy belonged to three conditions were employ as part of this experiment condition one the choice was between two boys from group A the second condition was two boys from group B and the last condition employ one boy from each group. What Tajfel identified as part of this research was that the boys overwhelmingly chos e to allocate points to the boys who had been indentified as in the same group as themselves. Despite the fact that there was no direct competition between the two groups the participants consistently displayed favouritism towards the boys from the same group.Ellis and Fox (2001) also carried out research in to prejudice and discrimination looking effect of self-identification sexual orientation on share behaviour. This research involves 235 British men and women were telephone at home. The caller explained that they had dialled the defile number and that they had no more change to make a nevertheless call and asked if the participant would relay a message to the callers partner. In the experimental condition the callers partner was identified as the same sex as the caller, and in the controlled condition they were identified as the opposite sex. The finding shoed that overall both gay man and lesbians were less likely to receive dish up than heterosexuals. Women were also more to receive help than men. The final conclusion to the research showed that people were less likely to tornado help to a gay men who found themselves in difficulty. This showed prejudice and discrimination towards gay men.When discussing prejudice or discrimination, stereotyping also needs to be examined Stewart et al. (1979) described stereotyping as a process not only used to simplify environmental and social stimuli, but one that also back up the construction of meaning to those stimuli based on attribution expectations. Whereas Taguirs (1969) defined stereotyping as the tendency to place a person in a folk according to some easily and quickly identifiable characteristic much(prenominal) as age, sex, ethic membership, nationality or occupation, and then to attribute to them qualities believed to be regular(prenominal) of a member of that category. Stereotypes seem to provide a simple and economic way of perceiving the world.In the late 1800s male Chinese immigrants were brou ght to the U.S. to work on the railroads and as agricultural labours on the westward Coast many specialised in laundry services. Some came willingly others were basically kidnapped and brought forcibly. After the continental railroad was completed and it occurred to white Americans that the Chinese workers were still around and susceptibility compete with them for jobs, a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment swept the U.S. Chinese men were stereotyped as degenerate heroin addicts whose presence encouraged prostitution, gambling, and other immoral activities. Since most Chinese immigrants were brought here specifically as workers, the great majority were male few at that time were able to experience their wives. A number of cities on the West Coast experienced riots in which whites attacked Asians and destroyed Chinese sections of town. The Seattle riot resulted in practically the entire Chinese population being rounded up and forcibly sent to San Francisco. alike(p) situations in ot her towns encouraged Chinese workers scattered throughout the West to relocate, leading to the growth of Chinatowns in a few larger cities on the West Coast.Ac cording to Buchanan (2007) many researchers have argued that prejudice is part of forgiving nature and that the only by confronting our authentic nature can we gain real insight into the forces that drive group conflict and learn how we powerfulness better manage and defuse such urges.Probable the first orchis proposal of a set of social psychological principles for reducing prejudice was from Allports (1954) Contact hypothesis. Prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact between majority and the minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. When people are segregated they are more likely to experience autistic hostility, that is ignorance of other which in turn results in a failure to understand the reason for their actions Lack of contact intend there is no reality testing against which to checking our own interp retation of others behaviour, and in turn can enforce negative stereotyping.